FORM OF SENIOR INDENTURE ADVENTRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

EXHIBIT 4.1

FORM OF SENIOR INDENTURE

ADVENTRX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

and
[                 ]

TRUSTEE

INDENTURE

DATED AS OF [       ], [     ]

SENIOR DEBT SECURITIES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

     INDENTURE, dated as of [                      ], [              ], between ADVENTRX Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware (herein called the “Company”), and [                                          ], as trustee (herein called the “Trustee”).

RECITALS OF THE COMPANY

     The Company has duly authorized the execution and delivery of this Indenture to provide for the issuance from time to time of its unsecured or secured and unsubordinated debentures, notes or other evidences of senior indebtedness (herein called the “Securities”), to be issued in one or more series as in this Indenture provided.

     All things necessary to make this Indenture a valid agreement of the Company, in accordance with its terms, have been done.

     NOW, THEREFORE, THIS INDENTURE WITNESSETH:

     For and in consideration of the premises and the purchase of the securities by the Holders thereof, it is mutually covenanted and agreed, for the equal and proportionate benefit of all holders of the Securities or of any series thereof, as follows:

ARTICLE ONE
DEFINITIONS AND OTHER PROVISIONS OF GENERAL APPLICATION

SECTION 101. Definitions.

     For all purposes of this Indenture, except as otherwise expressly provided or unless the context otherwise requires:

     (1) the terms defined in this Article have the meanings assigned to them in this Article and include the plural as well as the singular;

     (2) all other terms used herein which are defined in the Trust Indenture Act, either directly or by reference therein, have the meanings assigned to them therein;

     (3) all accounting terms not otherwise defined herein have the meanings assigned to them in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and, except as otherwise herein expressly provided, the term “generally accepted accounting principles” with respect to any computation required or permitted hereunder shall mean such accounting principles as are generally accepted in the United States of America at the date of such computation; and

     (4) the words “herein,” “hereof” and “hereunder” and other words of similar import refer to this Indenture as a whole and not to any particular Article, Section or other subdivision.

     “Act,” when used with respect to any Holder, has the meaning specified in Section 104.

     “Affiliate” of any specified person means any other Person directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by or under direct or indirect common control with such specified Person. For the purposes of this definition, “control” when used with respect to any specified Person means the power to direct the management and policies of such person, directly or indirectly, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise; and the terms “controlling” and “controlled” have meanings correlative to the foregoing.

     “Authenticating Agent” means any Person authorized by the Trustee to act on behalf of the Trustee to authenticate and deliver one or more series of Securities.

     “Beneficial Owner” means, with respect to Global Securities, the Person who is the beneficial owner of such Securities as effected on the books of the Depositary for such Securities or on the books of a Person maintaining an account with such Depositary (directly or as an indirect participant, in accordance with the rules of such Depositary).

     “Board of Directors” means either the board of directors of the Company or any duly authorized committee of that board.

     “Board Resolution” means a copy of a resolution certified by the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of the Company to have been duly adopted by the Board of Directors and to be in full force and effect on the date of such certification, and delivered to the Trustee.

     “Business Day,” when used with respect to any Place of Payment, means each Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday which is not a day on which banking institutions in that Place of Payment, and (i) with respect to Securities denominated in a

Foreign Currency, the capital city of the country of the Foreign Currency, or (ii) with respect to Securities denominated in Euros, Luxembourg, are authorized or obligated by it to close.

     “Commission” means the Securities and Exchange Commission, as from time to time constituted, created under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or, if at any time after the execution of this instrument such Commission is not existing and performing the duties now assigned to it under the Trust Indenture Act, then the body performing such duties at such time.

     “Company” means the Person named as the “Company” in the first paragraph of this Indenture until a successor corporation shall have become such pursuant to the applicable provisions of this Indenture, and thereafter “Company” shall mean such successor corporation.

     “Company Request” or “Company Order” means a written request or order signed in the name of the Company by its Chairman, its President or a Vice President, and by its Treasurer, an Assistant Treasurer, its Controller, an Assistant Controller, its Secretary or an Assistant Secretary, and delivered to the Trustee.

     “Corporate Trust Office” means the principal corporate trust office of the Trustee at which at any particular time its corporate trust business shall be principally administered. At the date of this Indenture, the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee is located at [                               ], except that whenever a provision herein refers to an office or agency of the Trustee in the Borough of Manhattan, City of New York, New York, such office is located, at the date hereof, at [                      ].

     “Corporation” includes corporations, associations, companies and business trusts.

     “Defaulted Interest” has the meaning specified in Section 307.

     “Depositary” means a clearing agency registered as such under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or any successor thereto, which shall in either case be designated by the Company pursuant to Section 301 until a successor Depositary shall have become such pursuant to the applicable provisions of this Indenture, and thereafter “Depositary” shall mean or include each Person who is then a Depositary hereunder, and if at any time there is more than one such Person, such Persons. “Depositary” as used with respect to the Securities of any series shall mean the Depositary with respect to the Securities of that series.

     “Dollar” or “$” or any similar reference means the coin or currency of the United States of America as at the time of payment is legal tender for the payment of public and private debts.

     “Euro” means the single currency of participating member states of the economic and monetary union as contemplated in the Treaty on European Union.

     “Event of Default” has the meaning specified in Section 501.

     “Extension Notice” has the meaning specified in Section 312.

     “Extension Period” has the meaning specified in Section 312.

     “Final Maturity” has the meaning specified in Section 312.

     “Fixed Rate Security” means a Security which provides for the payment of interest at a fixed rate.

     “Floating Rate Security” means a Security which provides for the payment of interest at a variable rate determined periodically by reference to an interest rate index or other index specified pursuant to Section 301.

     “Foreign Currency” means a currency, other than the Euro, issued by the government of a country other than the United States of America.

     “Global Security” means a Security evidencing all or part of a series of Securities which is executed by the Company and authenticated and delivered to the Depositary for such series or its nominee, all in accordance with this Indenture and pursuant to a Company Order, which shall be registered in the name of the Depositary or its nominee and which shall represent the amount of uncertificated securities as specified therein.

     “Holder” means a Person in whose name a Security is registered in the Security Register.

     “Indenture” means this instrument as originally executed or as it may from time to time be supplemented or amended by one or more indentures supplemental hereto entered into pursuant to the applicable provisions hereof and shall include any Officers’ Certificates setting forth the form and terms of particular series of Securities as contemplated by Sections 201 and 301.

     “Interest,” when used with respect to an Original Issue Discount Security which by its terms bears interest only after Maturity, means interest payable after Maturity.

     “Interest Payment Date,” when used with respect to any Security, means the Stated Maturity of an installment of interest on such Security.

     “Journal” means the official Journal of the European Union or successor publication thereto.

     “Lien” means any mortgage, pledge, lien, security interest or encumbrance.

     “Market Exchange Rate” means on a given date, the noon Dollar buying rate in New York City for cable transfers of a currency as published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York; provided that, in the case of the Euro, Market Exchange Rate shall mean the rate of exchange determined by the Commission of the European Union (or any successor thereto) as published in the Journal.

     “Maturity,” when used with respect to any Security, means the date on which the principal of such Security or an installment of principal becomes due and payable as therein or herein provided, whether at the Stated Maturity or by declaration of acceleration, call for redemption or otherwise.

     “Officers’ Certificate” means a certificate signed by the Chairman, the President, a Vice President or the Treasurer, and by an Assistant Treasurer, the Controller, an Assistant Controller, the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary, of the Company, and delivered to the Trustee.

     “Opinion of Counsel” means a written opinion of counsel, who may be an employee of or counsel for the Company or the Trustee, and who shall be acceptable to the Trustee, which opinion is delivered to the Trustee.

     “Optional Reset Date” has the meaning specified in Section 307.

     “Original Issue Discount Security” means any Security which provides for an amount less than the principal amount thereof to be due and payable upon a declaration of acceleration of the Maturity thereof pursuant to Section 502.

     “Original Stated Maturity” has the meaning specified in Section 312.

     “Outstanding,” when used with respect to Securities, means, as of the date of determination, all Securities theretofore authenticated and delivered under this Indenture, except:

     (i) Securities theretofore cancelled by the Trustee or delivered to the Trustee for cancellation;

     (ii) Securities or portions thereof for whose payment or redemption money in the necessary amount has been theretofore deposited with the Trustee or any Paying Agent (other than the Company) in trust or set aside and segregated in trust by the Company (if the Company shall act as its own Paying Agent) for the Holders of such Securities; provided that, if such Securities or portions thereof are to be redeemed, notice of such redemption has been duly given pursuant to this Indenture or provision therefor satisfactory to the Trustee has been made; and

     (iii) Securities which have been paid pursuant to Section 306 or in exchange for or in lieu of which other Securities have been authenticated and delivered pursuant to this Indenture, other than any such Securities in respect of which there shall have been presented to the Trustee proof satisfactory to it that such Securities are held by a bona fide purchaser in whose hands such Securities are valid obligations of the Company;

provided, however, that in determining whether the Holders of the requisite principal amount of Outstanding Securities have given any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent or waiver hereunder, Securities owned by the Company or any other obligor upon the Securities or any Affiliate of the Company or of such other obligor shall be disregarded and deemed not to be Outstanding, except that, in determining whether the Trustee shall be protected in relying upon any such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent or waiver, only Securities which the Trustee knows to be so owned shall be so disregarded. Securities so owned which have been pledged in good faith may be regarded as Outstanding if the pledgee establishes to the satisfaction of the Trustee the pledgee’s right so to act with respect to such Securities and that the pledgee is not the Company or any other obligor upon the Securities or any Affiliate of the Company or of such other obligor. In determining the requisite principal amount of any Original Issue Discount Security, such principal amount that shall be deemed to be Outstanding shall be equal to the amount of the principal thereof that could be declared to be due and payable upon an Event of Default pursuant to the terms of such Original Issue Discount Security at the time of such determination.

     “Paying Agent” means any Person, which may include the Company, authorized by the Company to pay the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest, if any, on any Security on behalf of the Company.

     “Person” means any individual, corporation, partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, association, joint-stock company, trust, unincorporated organization or government or any agency or political subdivision thereof.

     “Place of Payment,” when used with respect to the Securities of any series, means the place or places where the principal of (and premium, if any) and interest, if any, on the Securities of that series are payable as specified as contemplated in Section 301 or, if not so specified, as specified in Section 1002.

     “Predecessor Security” of any particular Security means every previous Security evidencing all or a portion of the same debt as that evidenced by such particular Security; and, for the purposes of this definition, any Security authenticated and delivered under Section 306 in lieu of a mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Security shall be deemed to evidence the same debt as the mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Security.

     “Property” means any kind of property or asset, whether real, personal or mixed, tangible or intangible.

     “Redemption Date,” when used with respect to any Security to be redeemed, means the date fixed for such redemption by or pursuant to this Indenture.

     “Redemption Price,” when used with respect to any Security to be redeemed, means the price at which it is to be redeemed pursuant to this Indenture.

     “Regular Record Date” for the interest payable on any Interest Payment Date on the Securities of any series means the date specified for that purpose as contemplated by Section 301.

     “Reset Notice” has the meaning specified in Section 307.

     “Responsible Officer,” when used with respect to the Trustee, means any officer of the Trustee assigned to administer corporate trust matters and also means, with respect to a particular corporate trust matter, any other officer to whom such matter is referred because of his or her knowledge of and familiarity with the particular subject.

     “Securities” has the meaning stated in the first recital of this Indenture and more particularly means any Securities authenticated and delivered under this Indenture.

     “Security Register” and “Security Registrar” have the respective meanings specified in Section 305.

     “Special Record Date” for the payment of any Defaulted Interest means a date fixed by the Trustee pursuant to Section 307.

     “Stated Maturity,” when used with respect to any Security or any installment of principal thereof or interest thereon, means the date specified in such Security as the fixed date on which the principal of such Security or such installment of principal or interest is due and payable.

     “Subsequent Interest Period” has the meaning specified in Section 307.

     “Subsidiary” means with respect to any Person, any corporation, association, joint venture, partnership, limited liability company or other business entity of which at least a majority of the voting stock or other ownership interests having voting power for the election of directors, managers or trustees (or the equivalent) is, at the time as of which any determination is being made, owned or controlled by such Person or one or more Subsidiaries of such Person, or by such Person and one or more Subsidiaries of such Person, other than shares, interests, participations or other equivalents having such power by reason of the occurrence of any contingency.

     “Trustee” means the Person named as the “Trustee” in the first paragraph of this instrument until a successor trustee shall have become such with respect to one or more series of Securities pursuant to the applicable provisions of this Indenture, and thereafter “Trustee” shall mean or include each Person who is then a Trustee hereunder; provided, however, that if at any time there is more than one such Person, “Trustee” as used with respect to the Securities of any series shall mean the Trustee with respect to Securities of that series.

     “Trust Indenture Act” means the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 (15 U.S. Code Sections 77aaa-77bbbb) as in force at the date on the date of this Indenture, except as provided in Section 905.

     “Vice President,” when used with respect to the Company or the Trustee, means any vice president, whether or not designated by a number or a word or words added before or after the title “vice president.”

SECTION 102. Compliance Certificates and Opinions.

     Upon any application or request by the Company to the Trustee to take any action under any provision of this Indenture, the Company shall furnish to the Trustee an Officers’ Certificate stating that all conditions precedent, if any, provided for in this Indenture

relating to the proposed action have been complied with and an Opinion of Counsel stating that in the opinion of such counsel all such conditions precedent, if any, have been complied with, except that in the case of any such application or request as to which the furnishing of such documents is specifically required by any provision of this Indenture relating to such particular application or request, no additional certificate or opinion need be furnished.

     Every certificate or opinion with respect to compliance with a condition or covenant provided for in this Indenture shall include:

     (1) a statement that each individual signing such certificate or opinion has read such condition or covenant and the definitions herein relating thereto;

     (2) a brief statement as to the nature and scope of the examination or investigation upon which the statements or opinions contained in such certificate or opinion are based;

     (3) a statement that, in the opinion of each such individual, he has made such examination or investigation as is necessary to enable him to express an informed opinion as to whether or not such condition or covenant has been complied with; and

     (4) a statement as to whether, in the opinion of each such individual, such condition or covenant has been complied with.

SECTION 103. Form of Documents Delivered to Trustee.

     In any case where several matters are required to be certified by, or covered by an opinion of, any specified Person, it is not necessary that all such matters be certified by, or covered by the opinion of, only one such Person, or that they be so certified or covered by only one document, but one such Person may certify or give an opinion with respect to some matters and one or more other such Persons as to other matters, and any such Person may certify or give an opinion as to such matters in one or several documents.

     Any certificate or opinion of an officer of the Company may be based, insofar as it relates to legal matters, upon a certificate or opinion of, or representations by, counsel, unless such officer knows, or in the exercise of reasonable care should know, that the certificate or opinion or representations with respect to the matters upon which his certificate or opinion is based are erroneous. Any such certificate or Opinion of Counsel may be based, insofar as it relates to factual matters, upon a certificate or opinion of, or representations by, an officer or officers of the Company stating that the information with respect to such factual matters is in the possession of the Company, unless such counsel knows, or in the exercise of reasonable care should know, that the certificate or opinion or representations with respect to such matters are erroneous.

     Where any Person is required to make, give or execute two or more applications, requests, consents, certificates, statements, opinions or other instruments under this Indenture, they may, but need not, be consolidated and form one instrument.

SECTION 104. Acts of Holders.

     (a) Any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action provided by this Indenture to be given or taken by Holders (or Holders of any series) may be embodied in and evidenced by one or more instruments of substantially similar tenor signed by such Holders in person or by agent duly appointed in writing; and, except as herein otherwise expressly provided, such action shall become effective when such instrument or instruments are delivered to the Trustee and, where it is hereby expressly required, to the Company. Such instrument or instruments (and the action embodied therein and evidenced thereby) are herein sometimes referred to as the “Act” of the Holders signing such instrument or instruments, proof of execution of any such instrument or of a writing appointing any such agent shall be sufficient for any purpose of this Indenture and (subject to Section 601) conclusive in favor of the Trustee and the Company and any agent of the Trustee or the Company, if made in the manner provided in this Section.

     (b) The fact and date of the execution by any person of any such instrument or writing may be proved by the affidavit of a witness of such execution or by a certificate of a notary public or other officer authorized by law to take acknowledgments of deeds, certifying that the individual signing such instrument or writing acknowledged to him the execution thereof. Where such execution is by a signer acting in a capacity other than his individual capacity, such certificate or affidavit shall also constitute sufficient proof of his authority. The fact and date of the execution of any such instrument or writing, or the authority of the person executing the same, may also be proved in any other manner which the Trustee deems sufficient; and the Trustee may in any instance require further proof with respect to any of the matters referred to in this Section.

     (c) The ownership of Securities and the principal amount held by any Person and the date of holding the same shall be proved by the Security Register.

     (d) If the Company shall solicit from the Holders any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other Act, the Company may, at its option, by Board Resolution, fix in advance a record date for the determination of Holders entitled to give such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other Act, but the Company shall have no obligation to do so. If such a record date is fixed, such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other Act may be given

before or after such record date, but only the Holders of record at the close of business on such record date shall be deemed to be Holders for the purposes of determining whether Holders of the requisite proportion of Outstanding Securities have authorized or agreed or consented to such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other Act, and for that purpose the Outstanding Securities shall be computed as of such record date, provided that no such authorization, agreement or consent by the Holders on such record date shall be deemed effective unless it shall become effective pursuant to the provision of this Indenture not later than six months after the record date.

     (e) Any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other Act of the Holder of any Security shall bind every future Holder of the same Security and the Holder of every Security issued upon the registration of transfer thereof or in exchange therefor or in lieu thereof in respect of anything done, omitted or suffered to be done by the Trustee, the Security Registrar, any Paying Agent or the Company in reliance thereon, whether or not notation of such action is made upon such Security.

SECTION 105. Notices, Etc., to Trustee and Company.

     Except as otherwise specifically provided herein, any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or Act of Holders or other document provided or permitted by this Indenture to be made upon, given or furnished to, or filed with:

     (1) the Trustee by any Holder or by the Company shall be sufficient for every purpose hereunder if made, given, furnished or filed in writing to or with the Trustee at its Corporate Trust Office; or

     (2) the Company by the Trustee or by any Holder shall be sufficient for every purpose hereunder (unless otherwise herein expressly provided) if in writing and mailed, first-class postage prepaid, to the Company addressed to the attention of its Treasurer at [                      ] or any other address subsequently furnished in writing to the Trustee by the Company.

SECTION 106. Notice to Holders; Waiver.

     Where this Indenture provides for notice to Holders of any event, such notice shall be sufficiently given (unless otherwise herein expressly provided) if in writing and mailed, first-class postage prepaid, to each Holder affected by such event, at his address as it appears in the Security Register, not later than the latest date, and not earlier than the earliest date, prescribed for the giving of such notice. In any case where notice to Holders is given by mail, neither the failure to mail such notice, nor any defect in any notice so mailed, to any particular Holder shall affect the sufficiency of such notice with respect to other Holders. Any notice mailed in the manner prescribed by this Indenture shall be conclusively presumed to have been duly given whether or not received by any particular Holder. Where this Indenture provides for notice in any manner, such notice may be waived in writing by the Person entitled to receive such notice, either before or after the event, and such waiver shall be the equivalent of such notice. Waivers of notice by Holders shall be filed with the Trustee, but such filing shall not be a condition precedent to the validity of any action taken in reliance upon such waiver.

     In case by reason of the suspension of regular mail service or by reason of any other cause it shall be impracticable to give such notice by mail, then such notification as shall be made with the approval of the Trustee shall constitute a sufficient notification for every purpose hereunder.

     In the case of Global Securities, notices or communications to be given to Holders shall be given to the Depository, in accordance with its applicable policies from time to time.

SECTION 107. Conflict with Trust Indenture Act.

     If any provision hereof limits, qualifies or conflicts with another provision hereof which is required to be included in this Indenture by any of the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act, such required provision shall control. If any provision of this Indenture modifies or excludes any provision of the Trust Indenture Act which may be so modified or excluded, the latter provision shall be deemed to apply to this Indenture as so modified or to be excluded, as the case may be.

SECTION 108. Effect of Headings and Table of Contents.

     The Article and Section headings herein and the Table of Contents are for convenience only and shall not affect the construction hereof.

SECTION 109. Successors and Assigns.

     All covenants and agreements in this Indenture by the Company shall bind its successors and assigns, whether so expressed or not. All agreements of the Trustee, any additional trustee and any Paying Agents in this Indenture shall bind their respective successors and assigns.

SECTION 110. Separability Clause.

     In case any provision of this Indenture or in the Securities shall be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby, and a Holder shall have no claim therefor against any party hereto.

SECTION 111. Benefits of Indenture.

     Nothing in this Indenture or in the Securities, express or implied, shall give to any Person, other than the parties hereto, any Paying Agent, any Security Registrar, or any Authenticating Agent and their respective successors hereunder and the Holders, any benefit or any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under this Indenture.

SECTION 112. Governing Law.

     This Indenture and the Securities shall be governed and construed by and in accordance with the laws of the State of New York, as applied to contracts made and performed within the State of New York without regard to principles of conflicts of laws.

SECTION 113. Legal Holidays.

     In any case where any Interest Payment Date, Redemption Date, the Stated Maturity of any Security or any date upon which any Defaulted Interest is proposed to be paid shall not be a Business Day at any Place of Payment, then (notwithstanding any other provision of this Indenture or of the Securities) payment of interest, if any, or principal (and premium, if any) need not be made at such Place of Payment on such date, but may be made on the next succeeding Business Day at such Place of Payment with the same force and effect as if made on the Interest Payment Date, Redemption Date, at the Stated Maturity, or on the date for payment of Defaulted Interest, provided that no interest shall accrue for the period from and after such Interest Payment Date, Redemption Date, Stated Maturity or date for the payment of Defaulted Interest, as the case may be, to the date of payment.

SECTION 114. Indenture and Securities Solely Corporate Obligations.

     No recourse for the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any) or interest on any Security, or for any claim based thereon or otherwise in respect thereof, and no recourse under or upon any obligation, covenant or agreement of the Company in this Indenture or in any supplemental indenture, or in any Security, or because of the creation of any indebtedness represented thereby, shall be had against any incorporator, stockholder, officer or director, as such, past, present or future, of the Company or of any successor corporation, either directly or through the Company or any successor corporation, whether by virtue of any constitution, statute or rule of law, or by the enforcement of any assessment or penalty or otherwise; it being expressly understood that all such liability is hereby expressly waived and released as a condition of, and as a consideration for, the execution of this Indenture and the issuance of the Securities.

SECTION 115. Consent of Holders of Securities in a Foreign Currency or Euros.

     Unless otherwise specified in a certificate delivered pursuant to Section 301 of this Indenture with respect to a particular series of Securities, whenever for purposes of this Indenture any action may be taken by the Holders of a specified percentage in aggregate principal amount of Securities of all series or all series affected by a particular action at the time Outstanding and, at such time, there are Outstanding Securities of any series which are denominated in a coin, currency or currency unit other than Dollars, then the principal amount of Securities of such series which shall be deemed to be Outstanding for the purpose of taking such action shall be that amount of Dollars that could be obtained for the stated Foreign Currency or Euro principal amount of such Outstanding Securities at the Market Exchange Rate on the record date for the purpose of taking such action. If the appropriate Market Exchange Rate is not available for any reason with respect to such currency, the Trustee shall use, in its sole discretion and without liability on its part, such quotation of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or, in the case of Euros, the rate of exchange as published in Journal, as of the most recent available date, or quotations or, in the case of Euros, rates of exchange from one or more major banks in The City of New York or in the country of issue of the currency in question or, in the case of Euros, in Luxembourg, or such other quotations or, in the case of Euros, rates of exchange as the Trustee, upon consultation with the Company, shall deem appropriate. All decisions and determinations of the Trustee regarding the Market Exchange Rate or any alternative determination provided for in the preceding paragraph shall be in its sole discretion and shall, in the absence of manifest error, be conclusive for all purposes and irrevocably binding upon the Company and all Holders.

SECTION 116. Payment Currency.

     If the principal of and/or interest on (or premium, if any, on) any Securities is payable in a Foreign Currency or Euros and such Foreign Currency or Euros is not available for payment due to the imposition of exchange controls or other circumstances beyond the control of the Company, then the Company shall be entitled to satisfy its obligations to Holders under this Indenture by making such payment in Dollars on the basis of the Market Exchange Rate for such Foreign Currency or Euros on the latest date for which such

rate was established on or before the date on which payment is due. Any payment made under this Section in Dollars where the required payment is in a Foreign Currency or Euros shall not constitute an Event of Default.

ARTICLE TWO
SECURITY FORMS

SECTION 201. Forms Generally.

     The Securities of each series shall be in substantially the form as shall be established by or pursuant to a Board Resolution or in one or more indentures supplemental hereto, in each case with such appropriate insertions, omissions, substitutions and other variations as are required or permitted by this Indenture, and may have such letters, numbers or other marks of identification and such legends or endorsements placed thereon as may be required to comply with the rules of any securities exchange or as may, consistently herewith, be determined by the officers executing such Securities, as evidenced by their execution of the Securities. If the form of Securities of any series is established by action taken pursuant to a Board Resolution, an appropriate Officers’ Certificate setting forth such form together with a copy of the Board Resolution shall be delivered to the Trustee at or prior to the delivery of the Company Order contemplated by Section 303 for the authentication and delivery of such Securities.

     The definitive Securities shall be printed, typed, lithographed or engraved or produced by any combination of these methods or may be produced in any other manner permitted by the rules of any securities exchange on which the Securities may be listed, all as determined by the officers executing such Securities, as evidenced by their execution of such Securities.

SECTION 202. Form of Trustee’s Certificate of Authentication.

     The Trustee’s certificate of authentication shall be in substantially the form set forth below:

     This is one of the Securities of the series designated herein issued under the within-mentioned Indenture.

ARTICLE THREE
THE SECURITIES

SECTION 301. Amount; Issuable in Series.

     The aggregate principal amount of Securities which may be authenticated and delivered under this Indenture may not exceed $[                      ].

     The Securities may be issued in one or more series. There shall be established in or pursuant to a procedure established in a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officers’ Certificate, or established in one or more indentures supplemental hereto, prior to the issuance of Securities of any series:

     (1) the title of the Securities of the series (which shall distinguish the Securities of the series from the Securities of all other series) and the form of the Securities of the series;

     (2) any limit upon the aggregate principal amount of the Securities of the series which may be authenticated and delivered under this Indenture (except for Securities authenticated and delivered upon registration of transfer of, or in exchange for, or in lieu of, other Securities of the series pursuant to Section 304, 305, 306, 906 or 1107);

     (3) the date or dates on which the principal of (and premium, if any, on) the Securities of the series is payable, or the manner in which such dates are determined;

     (4) the price or prices (expressed as a percentage of the principal amount thereof) at which the Securities of the series will be issued;

     (5) the rate or rates at which the Securities of the series shall bear interest, if any, or, if applicable, the method used to determine such rate or rates (including, but not limited to, any commodity, commodity index, stock exchange index or financial index)

at which the Securities of the series shall bear interest, if any, the date or dates on which such interest, if any, shall commence, the date or dates from which any such interest shall accrue, or the manner in which such dates are determined, the Interest Payment Dates on which any such interest shall be payable, the Regular Record Dates, if any, for the payment of interest on any Interest Payment Date and the rate or rates of interest, if any, payable on overdue installments of interest on or principal of (or premium, if any, on) the Securities of the series, and whether the interest rate may be reset upon certain designated events and, in the case of Floating Rate Securities, the notice, if any, to Holders regarding the determination of interest and the manner of giving such notice, and the extent to which, or the manner in which, any interest payable on any Global Security on an Interest Payment Date will be paid or calculated if other than in the manner provided in Section 307 or Section 310 if other than calculated on the basis of a 360-day year of twelve 30-day months;

     (6) if other than the Trustee, the identity of the Security Registrar and, if other than as specified in Section 1002, the place or places where the principal of (and premium, if any) and interest, if any, on Securities of the series shall be payable, or the method of such payment, if by wire transfer, mail or other means;

     (7) if the Securities of such series are redeemable, the period or periods within which, the price or prices at which and the terms and conditions upon which Securities of the series may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at the option of the Company;

     (8) the obligation, if any, of the Company to redeem or purchase Securities of the series pursuant to any sinking fund or analogous provisions or at the option of a Holder thereof and the period or periods within which, the price or prices at which and the terms and conditions upon which Securities of the series shall be redeemed or purchased, in whole or in part, pursuant to such obligation;

     (9) if other than denominations of $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof, the denominations in which Securities of the series shall be issuable;

     (10) if other than the principal amount thereof, the portion of the principal amount of Securities of the series which shall be payable upon declaration of acceleration of the Maturity thereof pursuant to Section 502;

     (11) additional covenants of the Company, if any, for the benefit of the Holders of Securities of such series;

     (12) if the provisions of Section 401(4) relating to satisfaction and discharge of Securities more than one year prior to their Stated Maturity or redemption shall apply to Securities of the series, a statement of such fact;

     (13) if other than Dollars, the coin or currency in which the Securities of that series are denominated (including, but not limited to any Foreign Currency or Euros) if payments of principal of, or interest or premium, if any, on, the Securities of the series are to be made in one or more currencies or currency units other than that or those in which such Securities are denominated, the manner in which the exchange rate with respect to such payments will be determined;

     (14) if the amount of payments of principal (and premium, if any) or interest, if any, on the Securities of the series may be determined with reference to an index based on a currency or currencies or by reference to a commodity, commodity index, stock exchange index or financial index, the manner in which such amounts shall be determined;

     (15) provisions, if any, for the defeasance of Securities of the series;

     (16) the date as of which any Global Security representing any Outstanding Debt Securities of the series shall be dated if other than the date of original issuance of the first Security of the series to be issued;

     (17) whether the Securities of the series shall be issued in whole or in part in the form of one or more Global Securities and, in such case, the Depositary for such Global Security or Securities;

     (18) the provisions, if any, relating to any collateral provided for the Securities of the series;

     (19) any addition to or change in the Events of Default which applies to any Securities of the series, and any change in the right of the Trustee or the requisite Holders of such Securities to declare the principal amount thereof due and payable pursuant to Section 502;

     (20) the terms and conditions, if any, for conversion of the Securities into or exchange of the Securities for shares of common stock or preferred stock of the Company that apply to Securities of the series;

     (21) the right, if any, to extend the maturity of the Securities of the series and the duration of such extension;

     (22) any depositories, interest rate calculation agents, exchange rate calculation agents or other agents with respect to Securities of such series if other than those appointed herein; and

     (23) any other terms, conditions, rights and preferences (or limitations on such rights and preferences) relating to the Securities of such series.

     All Securities of any one series shall be substantially identical except as to denomination and the rate or rates of interest, if any, the date or dates from which interest shall accrue and maturity and except as may otherwise be provided in or pursuant to such Board Resolution and set forth in such Officers’ Certificate or in any such indenture supplemental hereto.

     If any of the terms of the series are established by action taken pursuant to a Board Resolution, a copy of an appropriate record of such action shall be certified by the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of the Company and delivered to the Trustee at or prior to the delivery of the Officers’ Certificate setting forth the terms of the series.

     All Securities of any one series need not be issued at the same time, and may be issued from time to time, consistent with the terms of this Indenture, if so provided by or pursuant to the Board Resolution, supplemental indenture or Officers’ Certificate referred to above. However, the authorized principal amount of any series may not be increased to provide for issuances of additional Securities of such series, unless otherwise provided in such Board Resolution, supplemental indenture or Officers’ Certificate.

SECTION 302. Denominations.

     The Securities of each series shall be issuable in registered form without coupons in such denominations as shall be specified as contemplated by Section 301. In the absence of any such provisions with respect to the Securities of any series, the Securities of such series shall be issuable in denominations of $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof.

SECTION 303. Execution, Authentication, Delivery and Dating.

     The Securities shall be executed on behalf of the Company by any two of its Chairman of the Board, its President, any Vice President, its Treasurer or its Secretary, under its corporate seal reproduced thereon. The signature of any of these officers on the Securities may be manual or facsimile.

     Securities bearing the manual or facsimile signatures of individuals who were at any time the proper officers of the Company shall bind the Company, notwithstanding that such individuals or any of them have ceased to hold such offices prior to the authentication and delivery of such Securities or did not hold such offices at the date of such Securities.

     At any time and from time to time after the execution and delivery of this Indenture, the Company may deliver to the Trustee or an Authenticating Agent for authentication Securities of any series executed by the Company, together with a Company Order for the authentication and delivery of such Securities, and the Trustee or such Authenticating Agent in accordance with the Company Order shall authenticate and deliver such Securities. If all the Securities of any series are not to be issued at one time, and if the Board Resolution, Officers’ Certificate or supplemental indenture establishing such series shall so permit, such Company Order may set forth procedures acceptable to the Trustee for the issuance of such Securities and the determination of the terms of particular Securities of such series such as interest rate, maturity date, date of issuance and date from which interest shall accrue. If the form or terms of the Securities of the series have been established in or pursuant to one or more Board Resolutions as permitted by Sections 201 and 301, in authenticating such Securities, and accepting the additional responsibilities under this Indenture in relation to such Securities, the Trustee shall receive, and (subject to Section 601) shall be fully protected in relying upon, an Opinion of Counsel stating,

     (a) if the form of such Securities has been established by or pursuant to Board Resolution as permitted by Section 201, that such form has been established in conformity with the provisions of this Indenture; and

     (b) if the terms of such Securities have been established by or pursuant to Board Resolution as permitted by Section 301, that such terms have been established in conformity with the provisions of this Indenture.

     If all the Securities of any series are not to be issued at one time, it shall not be necessary to deliver an Opinion of Counsel at the time of issuance of each Security, but such Opinion of Counsel, with appropriate modifications, may instead be delivered at or prior to the time of issuance of the first Security of such series.

     The Trustee or any Authenticating Agent shall have the right to authenticate and deliver any of such Securities if it, being advised by counsel, determines that such action may not lawfully be taken, or if it, its board of directors, trustees, executive committee, or a trust committee of directors or trustees and/or vice presidents shall determine in good faith that such action would expose it to personal liability to existing Holders or if the issue of such Securities pursuant to this Indenture will affect the Trustee’s own rights, duties or immunities under the Securities and this Indenture or otherwise in a manner which is not reasonably acceptable to the Trustee.

     Each Security shall be dated the date of its authentication.

     No Security shall be entitled to any benefit under this Indenture or be valid or obligatory for any purpose unless there appears on such Security a certificate of authentication substantially in the form provided for herein executed by the Trustee or an Authenticating Agent by manual signature, and such certificate upon any Security shall be conclusive evidence, and the only evidence, that such Security has been duly authenticated and delivered hereunder and is entitled to the benefits of this Indenture.

SECTION 304. Temporary Securities.

     Pending the preparation of definitive Securities of any series, the Company may execute, and upon Company Order the Trustee or an Authenticating Agent shall authenticate and deliver, temporary Securities which are printed, lithographed, typewritten, mimeographed or otherwise produced, in any authorized denomination, substantially of the tenor of the definitive Securities in lieu of which they are issued and with such appropriate insertions, omissions, substitutions and other variations as the officers executing such Securities may determine, as evidenced by their execution of such Securities.

     Until so exchanged the temporary Securities of any series shall in all respects be entitled to the same benefits under this Indenture as definitive Securities of such series.

SECTION 305. Registration, Registration of Transfer and Exchange.

     With respect to each series of Securities, the Company shall cause to be kept at one of the offices or agencies maintained pursuant to Section 1002 a register (the register maintained in such office and in any other office or agency established by the Company in a Place of Payment being herein sometimes collectively referred to as the “Security Register”) in which, subject to such reasonable regulations as it may prescribe, the Company shall provide for the registration of Securities of that series and of transfers of Securities of that series. Pursuant to Section 301, the Company shall appoint, with respect to Securities of each series, a “Security Registrar” for the purpose of registering such Securities and transfers and exchanges of such Securities as herein provided. In the event the Trustee shall not be Security Registrar, it shall have the right to examine the Security Register at all reasonable times.

     Upon surrender for registration of transfer of any Security of any series at the designated office or agency in a Place of Payment for that series, the Company shall execute, and the Trustee or an Authenticating Agent shall authenticate and deliver, in the name of the designated transferee or transferees, one or more new Securities of the same series, of any authorized denominations and of a like tenor, aggregate principal amount and Stated Maturity.

     At the option of the Holder, Securities of any series (except Global Securities) may be exchanged for other Securities of the same series, of any authorized denominations and of a like tenor, aggregate principal amount and Stated Maturity, upon surrender of the Securities to be exchanged at such office or agency and upon payment, if the Company shall so require, of the charges hereinafter provided. Whenever any Securities are so surrendered for exchange, the Company shall execute, and the Trustee or an Authenticating Agent shall authenticate and deliver, the Securities which the Holder making the exchange is entitled to receive.

     All Securities issued upon any registration of transfer or exchange of Securities shall be the valid obligations of the Company, evidencing the same debt, and entitled to the same benefits under this Indenture, as the Securities surrendered upon such registration of transfer or exchange.

     Every Security presented or surrendered for registration of transfer or exchange shall (if so required by the Company or the Trustee or the Security Registrar) be duly endorsed, or be accompanied by a written instrument of transfer in form satisfactory to the Company and the Security Registrar (and, if so required by the Trustee, to the Trustee) duly executed, by the Holder thereof or his attorney duly authorized in writing.

     No service charge shall be made for any registration of transfer or exchange of Securities, but the Company may require payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge that may be imposed in connection with any registration of transfer or exchange of Securities, other than exchanges pursuant to Section 304, 906 or 1107 not involving any transfer.

     The Company shall not be required (i) to issue, register the transfer of or exchange Securities of any series during a period beginning at the opening of business 15 days before the day of selection for redemption of Securities of that series selected for redemption under Section 1103 and ending at the close of business on the day of the mailing of notice of redemption, or (ii) to register the transfer of or exchange any Security so selected for redemption in whole or in part, except the unredeemed portion of any Security being redeemed in part.

SECTION 306. Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost and Stolen Securities.

     If there shall be delivered to the Company and the Trustee (i) a mutilated Security or evidence to their satisfaction of the destruction, loss or theft of any Security and (ii) such security or indemnity bond as may be determined in the reasonable judgment of the Company or the Trustee, as the case may be, to protect the Company, the Trustee and any agent of either of them from any loss which any of them may suffer if a Security is replaced, then, in the absence of notice to the Company or the Trustee that such Security has been acquired by a bona fide purchaser, the Company shall execute and upon its request the Trustee or an Authenticating Agent

shall authenticate and deliver, in exchange for or in lieu of any such mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Security, a new Security of the same series and of like tenor, principal amount and Stated Maturity and bearing a number not contemporaneously outstanding.

     In case any such mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Security has become or is about to become due and payable, the Company in its discretion may, instead of issuing a new Security, pay such Security.

     Upon the issuance of any new Security under this Section, the Company may require the payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge that may be imposed in relation thereto and any other expenses (including the fees and expenses of the Trustee) connected therewith.

     Every new Security of any series issued pursuant to this Section in lieu of any destroyed, lost or stolen Security shall constitute an original additional contractual obligation of the Company, whether or not the destroyed, lost or stolen Security shall be at any time enforceable by anyone, and shall be entitled to all the benefits of this Indenture equally and proportionately with any and all other Securities of that series duly issued hereunder.

     The provisions of this Section are exclusive and shall preclude (to the extent lawful) all other rights and remedies with respect to the replacement or payment of mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Securities.

SECTION 307. Payment of Interest; Interest Rights Preserved; Optional Interest Reset.

     (a) Except as otherwise specified with respect to a series of Securities in accordance with the provisions of Section 301, interest on any Security which is payable, and is punctually paid or duly provided for, on any Interest Payment Date shall be paid to the Person in whose name that Security (or one or more Predecessor Securities) is registered at the close of business on the Regular Record Date for such interest.

     Any interest on any Security of any series which is payable, but is not punctually paid or duly provided for, on any Interest Payment Date (herein called “Defaulted Interest”) shall forthwith cease to be payable to the registered Holder on the relevant Regular Record Date by virtue of having been such Holder, and such Defaulted Interest may be paid by the Company, at its election in each case, as provided in Clause (1) or (2) below:

     (1) The Company may elect to make payment of any Defaulted Interest to the Persons in whose names the Securities of such series (or their respective Predecessor Securities) are registered at the close of business on a Special Record Date for the payment of such Defaulted Interest, which shall be fixed in the following manner. The Company shall notify the Trustee in writing of the amount of Defaulted Interest proposed to be paid on each Security of such series and the date of the proposed payment, and at the same time the Company shall deposit with the Trustee an amount of money equal to the aggregate amount proposed to be paid in respect of such Defaulted Interest or shall make arrangements satisfactory to the Trustee for such deposit prior to the date of the proposed payment, such money when deposited to be held in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled to such Defaulted Interest as in this Clause provided. Thereupon the Trustee shall fix a Special Record Date for the payment of such Defaulted Interest which shall be not more than 15 days and not less than 10 days prior to the date of the proposed payment and not less than 10 days after the receipt by the Trustee of the notice of the proposed payment. The Trustee shall promptly notify the Company of such Special Record Date and, in the name and at the expense of the Company, shall cause notice of the proposed payment of such Defaulted Interest and the Special Record Date therefor to be mailed, first-class postage prepaid, to each Holder of Securities of such series at his address as it appears in the Security Register, not less than l0 days prior to such Special Record Date. Notice of the proposed payment of such Defaulted Interest and the Special Record Date therefor having been so mailed, such Defaulted Interest shall be paid to the Persons in whose names the Securities of such series (or their respective Predecessor Securities) are registered at the close of business on such Special Record Date and shall no longer be payable pursuant to the following Clause (2).

     (2) The Company may make payment of any Defaulted Interest on the Securities of any series in any other lawful manner not inconsistent with the requirements of any securities exchange on which such Securities may be listed, and upon such notice as may be required by such exchange, if, after notice given by the Company to the Trustee of the proposed payment pursuant to this Clause, such manner of payment shall be deemed practicable by the Trustee.

     Subject to the foregoing provisions of this Section, each Security delivered under this Indenture upon registration of transfer of or in exchange for or in lieu of any other Security shall carry the rights to interest accrued and unpaid, and to accrue, which were carried by such other Security.

     (b) The provisions of this Section 307(b) may be made applicable to any series of Securities pursuant to Section 301 (with such modifications, additional or substitutions as may be specified pursuant to Section 301). The interest rate on any Security of such series may be reset by the Company on the date or dates specified on the face of such Security (each an “Optional Reset Date”). The Company may exercise such option with respect to a Security by notifying the Trustee of all of the relevant information relating to such exercise at least 50 but not more than 60 days prior to an Optional Reset Date, the Trustee shall transmit, in the manner provided for in Section 106, to the Holder of any such Security a notice (the “Reset Notice”) indicating whether the Company has elected to reset the interest rate, and if so (i) such new interest rate and (ii) the provisions, if any, for redemption during the period from such

Optional Reset Date to the next Optional Reset Date or if there is no such next Optional Reset Date, to the Stated Maturity Date of such Security (each such period a “Subsequent Interest Period”), including the date or dates on which or the period or periods during which and the price or prices at which such redemption may occur during the Subsequent Interest Period.

     Notwithstanding the foregoing, not later than 20 days prior to the Optional Reset Date, the Company may, at its option, revoke the interest rate provided for in the Reset Notice and establish a higher interest rate for the Subsequent Interest Period by causing the Trustee to transmit, in the manner provided for in Section 106, notice of such higher interest rate to the Holder of such Security. Such notice shall be irrevocable. All Securities with respect to which the interest rate is reset on an Optional Reset Date will bear such higher interest rate.

     The Holder of any such Security will have the option to elect repayment by the Company of the principal of such Security on each Optional Reset Date at a price equal to the principal amount thereof plus interest accrued to such Optional Reset Date. In order to obtain repayment on an Optional Reset Date, the Holder must follow the procedures set forth in Article Thirteen for repayment at the option of Holders, as such apply to such Security, except that the period for delivery or notification to the Trustee shall be at least 25 but not more than 35 days prior to such Optional Reset Date and except that, if the holder has tendered any Security for repayment pursuant to the Reset Notice, the Holder may, by written notice to the Trustee, revoke such tender or repayment until the close of business on the tenth day before such Optional Reset Date.

     Subject to the foregoing provisions of this Section and Section 305, each Security delivered under this Indenture upon registration of transfer of or in exchange for or in lieu of any other Security shall carry the rights to interest accrued and unpaid, and to accrue, which were carried by such other Security.

SECTION 308. Persons Deemed Owners.

     Prior to due presentment of a Security for registration of transfer, the Company, the Trustee, any Paying Agent, any Authenticating Agent and any other agent of the Company or the Trustee may treat the Person in whose name such Security is registered as the owner of such Security for the purpose of receiving payment of principal of (and premium, if any) and (subject to Section 307) interest, if any, on such Security and for all other purposes whatsoever, whether or not such Security be overdue, and neither the Company, the Trustee, any Paying Agent, any Authenticating Agent nor any other agent of the Company or the Trustee shall be affected by notice to the contrary.

     None of the Company, the Trustee, any Paying Agent or the Security Registrar will have any responsibility or liability for any aspect of the records relating to or payments made on account of beneficial ownership interests in a Global Security or for maintaining, supervising or reviewing any records relating to such beneficial ownership interests. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with respect to any Global Security, nothing herein shall prevent the Company, the Trustee, or any agent of the Company or the Trustee, from giving effect to any written certification, proxy or other authorization furnished by any Depositary, as a Holder, with respect to such Global Security or impair, as between