<PAGE>
Exhibit 2.1
EXECUTION COPY
AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF MERGER
BY
AND AMONG
COMPUTER SCIENCES CORPORATION,
SURFSIDE ACQUISITION CORP.,
AND
COVANSYS CORPORATION
DATED AS OF APRIL 25, 2007
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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ARTICLE I THE
MERGER.....................................................
1
Section 1.1
The
Merger............................................... 1
Section 1.2 Effective Time;
Closing.................................. 2
Section 1.3
Effect of the
Merger..................................... 2
Section 1.4
Articles of
Incorporation and Bylaws..................... 2
Section 1.5
Directors and
Officers................................... 2
Section 1.6
Effect on Capital
Stock.................................. 2
Section 1.7
Surrender of
Certificates................................ 3
Section 1.8
No Further Ownership
Rights in Company Common Stock...... 5
Section 1.9
Lost, Stolen or
Destroyed Certificates................... 5
Section 1.10
Warrants.................................................
5
Section 1.11
Further Action...........................................
5
ARTICLE II REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF
COMPANY..................... 6
Section 2.1
Organization; Standing
and Power; Charter Documents;
Subsidiaries.............................................
6
Section 2.2
Capital
Structure........................................ 7
Section 2.3
Authority;
Non-Contravention; Consents................... 9
Section 2.4
SEC Filings; Financial
Statements; Internal Controls;
Sarbanes-Oxley Act Compliance............................
11
Section 2.5
Absence of Certain
Changes or Events..................... 13
Section 2.6
Taxes....................................................
14
Section 2.7
Intellectual
Property.................................... 16
Section 2.8
Compliance; Permits;
FCPA................................ 20
Section 2.9
Litigation...............................................
20
Section 2.10
Brokers' and Finders' Fees...............................
21
Section 2.11
Related Party Transactions...............................
21
Section 2.12
Employee Matters.........................................
21
Section 2.13
Property.................................................
24
Section 2.14
Environmental Matters....................................
25
Section 2.15
Contracts................................................
25
Section 2.16
Proxy Statement..........................................
27
Section 2.17
Insurance................................................
28
Section 2.18
Fairness Opinion.........................................
28
Section 2.19
Whistleblower Notification...............................
28
ARTICLE III REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF PARENT AND MERGER
SUB...... 28
Section 3.1
Organization.............................................
29
Section 3.2
Authority;
Non-Contravention; Consents................... 29
Section 3.3
Disclosure...............................................
30
Section 3.4
Ownership and Interim
Operations of Merger Sub........... 30
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Section 3.5
Financial
Capability..................................... 30
ARTICLE IV CONDUCT PRIOR TO THE EFFECTIVE
TIME........................... 30
Section 4.1
Conduct of Business of
Company........................... 30
ARTICLE V ADDITIONAL
AGREEMENTS.......................................... 34
Section 5.1
Proxy
Statement.......................................... 34
Section 5.2
Meetings of
Shareholders; Board Recommendation........... 35
Section 5.3
Acquisition
Proposals.................................... 35
Section 5.4
Access to
Information.................................... 38
Section 5.5
Public
Disclosure........................................ 39
Section 5.6
Regulatory Filings;
Reasonable Efforts................... 39
Section 5.7
Notification of
Certain Matters.......................... 41
Section 5.8
Equity Awards and
Employee Benefits...................... 41
Section 5.9
Indemnification;
Insurance............................... 43
Section 5.10
Section 16 Matters.......................................
44
Section 5.11
Merger Sub Compliance....................................
45
Section 5.12
Conveyance Taxes.........................................
45
ARTICLE VI CONDITIONS TO THE
MERGER...................................... 45
Section 6.1
Conditions to the
Obligations of Each Party.............. 45
Section 6.2
Additional Conditions
to the Obligations of Company...... 45
Section 6.3
Additional Conditions
to the Obligations of Parent and
Merger Sub...............................................
46
ARTICLE VII TERMINATION, AMENDMENT AND
WAIVER............................ 47
Section 7.1
Termination..............................................
47
Section 7.2
Notice of Termination;
Effect of Termination............. 48
Section 7.3
Fees and
Expenses........................................ 48
Section 7.4
Amendment................................................
50
Section 7.5
Extension;
Waiver........................................ 50
ARTICLE VIII GENERAL
PROVISIONS.......................................... 50
Section 8.1
Non-Survival of
Representations and Warranties........... 50
Section 8.2
Notices..................................................
50
Section 8.3
Interpretation;
Certain Definitions...................... 51
Section 8.4
Counterparts;
Facsimile Signatures....................... 54
Section 8.5
Entire Agreement;
Third-Party Beneficiaries.............. 54
Section 8.6
Severability.............................................
54
Section 8.7
Specific
Performance..................................... 54
Section 8.8
Governing
Law............................................ 54
Section 8.9
Consent to
Jurisdiction.................................. 54
Section 8.10
Assignment...............................................
55
Section 8.11
Waiver of Jury Trial.....................................
55
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INDEX OF DEFINED TERMS
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Acceptable Confidentiality Agreement
...................................... 38
Acquisition Proposal
...................................................... 40
affiliate
.................................................................
54
Agreement
.................................................................
1
Balance Sheet Date
........................................................
13
beneficial ownership
...................................................... 54
business day
..............................................................
54
Capitalization Date
.......................................................
7
Certificate
...............................................................
3
Certificate of Merger
..................................................... 2
Change
....................................................................
54
Change of Recommendation
.................................................. 39
Change of Recommendation Notice
........................................... 39
Closing
...................................................................
2
Closing Date
..............................................................
2
Code
......................................................................
4
Company
...................................................................
1
Company Balance Sheet
..................................................... 13
Company Board Recommendation
.............................................. 10
Company Charter Documents
................................................. 7
Company Common Stock
...................................................... 3
Company Disclosure Letter
................................................. 6
Company Employee
..........................................................
23
Company Employee Agreement
................................................ 23
Company Employee Plans
.................................................... 23
Company ERISA Affiliate
................................................... 23
Company Financials
........................................................
12
Company International Plan
................................................ 23
Company IP
................................................................
21
Company IP Agreements
..................................................... 18
Company Material Adverse Effect
........................................... 54
Company Material Contract
................................................. 27
Company Options
...........................................................
8
Company Permits
...........................................................
21
Company Preferred Stock
................................................... 7
Company Products
..........................................................
17
Company SEC Documents
..................................................... 12
Company Securities
........................................................
8
Company Stock Plans
.......................................................
8
Company Termination Fee
................................................... 52
Confidentiality Agreement
................................................. 10
Consent
...................................................................
11
Continuing Employees
...................................................... 44
Contract
..................................................................
55
Copyrights
................................................................
20
D&O Insurance
.............................................................
46
Deferred Compensation Plan
................................................ 45
Derivative Work
...........................................................
20
Domain Names
..............................................................
20
Effective Time
............................................................
2
End Date
..................................................................
49
Engagement Letter
.........................................................
22
Environmental Law
.........................................................
55
ERISA
.....................................................................
23
Exchange Act
..............................................................
11
Exchange Fund
.............................................................
3
Financial Advisor
.........................................................
22
Foreign Antitrust Laws
.................................................... 11
Fortune
...................................................................
56
GAAP
......................................................................
12
Governmental Entity
.......................................................
11
Hazardous Substance
.......................................................
56
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HIPAA
.....................................................................
45
HSR Act
...................................................................
11
include
...................................................................
54
includes
..................................................................
54
including
.................................................................
54
Indemnified Parties
.......................................................
46
Insurance Policies
........................................................
29
Intellectual Property
..................................................... 20
Intellectual Property Rights
.............................................. 20
IRS
.......................................................................
24
Junior Preference Shares
.................................................. 7
knowledge
.................................................................
56
Labor Organization
........................................................
25
Law
.......................................................................
56
Leased Real Property
...................................................... 26
Leases
....................................................................
26
Legal Restraint
...........................................................
36
Licensed Company IP
.......................................................
21
Liens
.....................................................................
7
MBCA
......................................................................
1
Merger
....................................................................
2
Merger Consideration
...................................................... 3
Merger Sub.
...............................................................
1
Merger Sub Capital Stock
.................................................. 3
Nasdaq
....................................................................
12
Notice Period
.............................................................
39
NYSE
......................................................................
12
Option Consideration
...................................................... 43
Order
.....................................................................
21
Owned Company IP
..........................................................
21
Parent
....................................................................
1
Parent Material Adverse Effect
............................................ 56
Patents
...................................................................
20
Paying Agent
..............................................................
3
Pension Plan
..............................................................
24
Permits
...................................................................
21
Permitted Encumbrances
.................................................... 14
Person
....................................................................
56
plan of merger
............................................................
54
Proceeding
................................................................
22
Proxy Statement
...........................................................
29
Representatives
...........................................................
37
Requisite Shareholder Approval
............................................ 10
Rights
....................................................................
1
Rights Plan
...............................................................
1
Rights Plan Amendment
..................................................... 1
Sarbanes-Oxley Act
........................................................
12
SEC
.......................................................................
11
Securities Act
............................................................
12
Shareholders' Meeting
..................................................... 37
Subsidiary
................................................................
6
Subsidiary Charter Documents
.............................................. 7
Subsidiary Securities
..................................................... 9
Superior Offer
............................................................
40
Surviving Corporation
..................................................... 2
Tax
.......................................................................
15
Tax Returns
...............................................................
15
Taxes
.....................................................................
15
Taxing Authority
..........................................................
15
Terminating Plan
..........................................................
45
the business of
...........................................................
54
Trade Secrets
.............................................................
21
Trademarks
................................................................
20
Triggering Event
..........................................................
50
Voting Debt
...............................................................
9
Warrant
...................................................................
5
without limitation
........................................................
54
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<PAGE>
AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF MERGER
This
AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF MERGER (this "AGREEMENT") is made and
entered
into as of April 25, 2007, by and among Computer Sciences
Corporation, a Nevada
corporation ("PARENT"), Surfside Acquisition Corp., a Michigan
corporation and
wholly-owned subsidiary of Parent ("MERGER SUB"), and Covansys
Corporation, a
Michigan corporation ("COMPANY").
RECITALS
A.
The Board of Directors of Company has, in accordance with the
Michigan
Business Corporation Act (the "MBCA"), (i) determined that the
Merger is fair
to, and in the best interests of, Company and its shareholders and
declared the
Merger to be advisable, (ii) approved the execution, delivery and
performance of
this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions
contemplated hereby upon
the terms and conditions contained herein, and adopted the plan of
merger
contained in this Agreement, and (iii) resolved to recommend that
the holders of
shares of Company Common Stock approve this Agreement and the plan
of merger
contained herein in accordance with the applicable provisions of
the MBCA and
directed that such matter be submitted to Company's shareholders at
the
Shareholders' Meeting;
B.
Parent, as the sole shareholder of Merger Sub, has approved and
adopted
this Agreement and approved the Merger.
C.
Concurrently with the execution of this Agreement, and as a
condition to
Parent and Merger Sub entering into this Agreement, Company and
EquiServe Trust
Company, N.A. are entering into an amendment (the "RIGHTS PLAN
AMENDMENT") to
that certain Rights Agreement, dated as of December 1, 2004, as
amended (the
"RIGHTS PLAN"), so as to render the rights issued thereunder (the
"RIGHTS")
inapplicable to this Agreement and the transactions contemplated
hereby.
D.
Prior to the execution of this Agreement, the Board of Directors
of
Company has approved in advance the transactions contemplated by
this Agreement
including the acquisition of Company and shares of the capital
stock of Company
by Parent and Parent becoming an "interested shareholder", for
purposes of
Section 782 of the MBCA.
NOW,
THEREFORE, in consideration of the covenants, promises and
representations set forth herein, and for other good and valuable
consideration,
the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the
parties agree
as follows:
ARTICLE I
THE MERGER
Section 1.1 The Merger. At the Effective Time and subject to and
upon
the terms and conditions of this Agreement and the applicable
provisions of the
MBCA, Merger Sub shall be merged with and into Company (the
"MERGER"), the
separate corporate existence of Merger Sub shall cease, and Company
shall
continue as the surviving corporation (the "SURVIVING
CORPORATION").
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Section 1.2 Effective Time; Closing. Subject to the provisions of
this
Agreement, the parties hereto shall cause the Merger to be
consummated by filing
a Certificate of Merger (the "CERTIFICATE OF MERGER") with the
Department of
Labor and Economic Growth of the State of Michigan in accordance
with the
relevant provisions of the MBCA (the time of such filing with the
Department of
Labor and Economic Growth of the State of Michigan (or such later
time as may be
agreed in writing by Company and Parent and specified in the
Certificate of
Merger) being the "EFFECTIVE TIME") as soon as practicable on the
Closing Date.
The closing of the Merger (the "CLOSING") shall take place at the
offices of
Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP, located at 575 Madison Avenue, New
York, New York,
at 10:00 a.m., New York City time, on the second business day after
the
satisfaction or waiver of all of the conditions set forth in
Article VI, or at
such other time, date and location as the parties hereto agree in
writing (the
date on which the Closing actually occurs, the "CLOSING DATE").
Section 1.3 Effect of the Merger. At the Effective Time, the effect
of
the Merger shall be as provided in this Agreement and Section 724
of the MBCA.
Section 1.4 Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws. At the
Effective
Time, the articles of incorporation of Company shall be amended and
restated in
its entirety to be identical to the articles of incorporation of
Merger Sub, in
effect immediately prior to the Effective Time, until thereafter
amended in
accordance with the MBCA and as provided in such articles of
incorporation;
provided, however, that at the Effective Time, Article I of the
articles of
incorporation of the Surviving Corporation shall be amended and
restated in its
entirety to read as follows: "The name of the corporation is
Covansys
Corporation". At the Effective Time, the bylaws of Company shall be
amended and
restated in their entirety to be identical to the bylaws of Merger
Sub, as in
effect immediately prior to the Effective Time, until thereafter
amended in
accordance with the MBCA and as provided in such bylaws.
Section 1.5 Directors and Officers. The initial directors of
the
Surviving Corporation shall be the directors of Merger Sub
immediately prior to
the Effective Time, until their respective successors are duly
elected or
appointed and qualified. The initial officers of the Surviving
Corporation shall
be the officers of Merger Sub immediately prior to the Effective
Time, until
their respective successors are duly appointed.
Section 1.6 Effect on Capital Stock. Subject to the terms and
conditions of this Agreement, at the Effective Time, by virtue of
the Merger and
without any action on the part of Parent, Merger Sub, Company or
the holders of
any shares of capital stock of Company, the following shall
occur:
(a) Company Common Stock. Each share of the Common Stock, no
par
value, of Company ("COMPANY COMMON STOCK") issued and outstanding
immediately
prior to the Effective Time (other than any shares of Company
Common Stock to be
canceled pursuant to Section 1.6(b)), together with any Rights
associated
therewith, will be canceled and extinguished and automatically
converted into
the right to receive $34.00 in cash, without interest (the
"MERGER
CONSIDERATION") upon surrender of the certificate representing such
share of
Company Common Stock in the manner provided in Section 1.7(c) (or
in the case of
a lost, stolen or destroyed certificate, upon delivery of an
affidavit and bond,
if required, in the manner provided in Section 1.9). As of the
Effective Time,
such shares of Company Common Stock and any
2
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associated Rights with respect thereto shall no longer be
outstanding and shall
automatically be canceled and shall cease to exist, and each holder
of a
certificate that immediately prior to the Effective Time
represented any such
shares of Company Common Stock (a "CERTIFICATE") shall cease to
have any rights
with respect thereto, except the right to receive the Merger
Consideration.
(b) Cancellation of Treasury and Parent Owned Stock. Each share
of
Company Common Stock held by Company or Parent or any direct or
indirect
wholly-owned Subsidiary of Company or of Parent immediately prior
to the
Effective Time shall be canceled and extinguished without any
conversion thereof
or the payment of any consideration therefor.
(c) Capital Stock of Merger Sub. Each share of capital stock of
Merger
Sub (the "MERGER SUB CAPITAL STOCK") issued and outstanding
immediately prior to
the Effective Time shall be converted into one validly issued,
fully paid and
nonassessable share of capital stock of the Surviving Corporation
with the same
rights, powers and privileges as the shares so converted.
(d) Stock Options. At the Effective Time, all Company Options
outstanding under the Company Stock Plans shall be treated in
accordance with
Section 5.8.
Section 1.7 Surrender of Certificates.
(a) Paying Agent. Prior to the Effective Time, Parent shall appoint
an
institution reasonably acceptable to Company to act as the paying
agent (the
"PAYING AGENT"), in accordance with an agreement reasonably
satisfactory to
Company, to receive the funds necessary to make the payments
contemplated by
Section 1.6.
(b) Parent to Provide Merger Consideration. At or prior to the
Effective Time, Parent shall deposit or cause the Merger Sub to
deposit with the
Paying Agent for payments in accordance with this Section 1.7,
cash, for the
benefit of the holders of Company Common Stock, in an amount
sufficient to make
payments of the Merger Consideration, pursuant to Section 1.6 and
such funds
shall hereinafter be referred to as the "EXCHANGE FUND." The Paying
Agent shall,
pursuant to irrevocable instructions, make payments out of the
Exchange Fund and
the Exchange Fund shall not be used for any purpose other than to
fund payments
upon surrender of Certificates. All expenses of the Paying Agent
shall be paid
by the Parent or Surviving Corporation.
(c) Exchange Procedures. Immediately after the Effective Time,
Parent
shall mail, or shall cause the Paying Agent to mail, to each holder
of record
(as of the Effective Time) of a Certificate or Certificates which
immediately
prior to the Effective Time represented outstanding shares of
Company Common
Stock that were converted into the right to receive the Merger
Consideration
pursuant to Section 1.6(a): (i) a letter of transmittal (which
shall specify
that delivery shall be effected, and risk of loss and title to the
Certificates
shall pass, only upon delivery of the Certificates to the Paying
Agent and shall
be in such form and have such other provisions as Parent may
reasonably
specify); and (ii) instructions for use in effecting the surrender
of the
Certificates in exchange for the Merger Consideration. Upon
surrender of
Certificates for cancellation to the Paying Agent, together with
such letter of
transmittal, duly
3
<PAGE>
completed and validly executed in accordance with the instructions
thereto and
such other documents as may reasonably be required by the Paying
Agent, the
holder of such Certificates shall be entitled to receive in
exchange therefor by
check an amount in cash (after taking into account all Certificates
surrendered
by such holder) to which such holder is entitled pursuant to
Section 1.6(a) and
the Certificates so surrendered shall forthwith be canceled.
(d) Transfers of Ownership. If payment of the Merger Consideration
is
to be made to a Person other than a Person in whose name in which
the
Certificates surrendered in exchange therefor are registered, it
will be a
condition of the payment thereof that the Certificates so
surrendered will be
properly endorsed and otherwise in proper form for transfer and
that the Person
requesting such exchange will have paid any transfer and other
Taxes required by
reason of the payment to a Person other than the registered holder
of the
Certificates surrendered, or established to the satisfaction of
Parent or any
agent designated by it that such Tax has been paid or is not
payable.
(e) Withholding. Each of Parent, the Paying Agent and the
Surviving
Corporation shall be entitled to deduct and withhold from any
consideration
payable or otherwise deliverable pursuant to this Agreement to any
holder or
former holder of Company Common Stock such amounts as may be
required to be
deducted or withheld therefrom under the Internal Revenue Code of
1986, as
amended (the "CODE") or under any provision of state, local or
foreign Tax Law
or under any other applicable Law. To the extent such amounts are
so deducted or
withheld, the amount of such consideration shall be treated for all
purposes
under this Agreement as having been paid to the Person to whom
such
consideration would otherwise have been paid.
(f) Investment of Exchange Fund. The Paying Agent shall invest
any
cash included in the Exchange Fund as directed by Parent on a daily
basis,
provided that no such investment or loss thereon shall affect the
amounts
payable to Company shareholders pursuant to this Section 1.7. To
the extent that
there are losses with respect to such investments, Parent shall
promptly replace
or restore the portion of the Exchange Fund lost through
investments so as to
ensure that the Exchange Fund is maintained at a level sufficient
to make such
payments. Any interest and other income resulting from such
investment shall
become a part of the Exchange Fund, and any amounts in excess of
the amounts
payable to Company shareholders pursuant to this Section 1.7 shall
promptly be
paid to Parent.
(g) Termination of Exchange Fund. Notwithstanding anything to
the
contrary in this Section 1.7(g), neither Parent, Merger Sub, the
Paying Agent,
the Surviving Corporation nor any party hereto shall be liable to
any Person for
any cash from the Exchange Fund properly paid to a public official
pursuant to
any applicable abandoned property, escheat or similar Law. Any
portion of the
Exchange Fund which remains undistributed to the holders of
Certificates one
year after the Effective Time shall, at the request of Parent, be
delivered to
Parent or otherwise on the instruction of Parent, and any holders
of the
Certificates who have not surrendered such Certificates in
compliance with this
Section 1.7(g) shall after such delivery to Parent look only to
Parent, and
Parent shall thereafter be liable, for the Merger Consideration
pursuant to
Section 1.6(a), with respect to the shares of Company Common Stock
formerly
represented thereby.
4
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Section 1.8 No Further Ownership Rights in Company Common Stock.
All
Merger Consideration paid upon the surrender for exchange of shares
of Company
Common Stock in accordance with the terms hereof shall be deemed to
have been
paid in full satisfaction of all rights pertaining to such shares
of Company
Common Stock, including any Rights associated with such Company
Common Stock.
After the Effective Time, there shall be no further registration of
transfers on
the records of Company. If, after the Effective Time, Certificates
are presented
to the Surviving Corporation for any reason, they shall be canceled
and
exchanged as provided and in accordance with the procedures set
forth in Section
1.7.
Section 1.9 Lost, Stolen or Destroyed Certificates. In the event
any
Certificates shall have been lost, stolen or destroyed, the Paying
Agent shall
deliver in exchange for such lost, stolen or destroyed
Certificates, upon the
making of an affidavit of that fact by the holder thereof, such
Merger
Consideration as may be required pursuant to Section 1.6(a);
provided, however,
that Parent or the Paying Agent, may, in its discretion, require
the delivery of
a suitable indemnity, as determined in Parent's reasonable
discretion.
Section 1.10 Warrants. The warrants to purchase shares of
Company
Common Stock issued as of September 15, 2004 by Company to Fidelity
Information
Services, Inc., an Arkansas Corporation and CDR-COOKIE Acquisition,
L.L.C., a
Delaware limited liability company (each, a "WARRANT") may be
exercised prior to
the Effective Time in accordance with the terms and conditions
applicable to
such Warrant and upon such exercise shall result in the issuance of
shares of
Company Common Stock that shall be subject to the terms of this
Agreement. Each
Warrant that is unexpired, unexercised and outstanding immediately
prior to the
Effective Time shall after the Effective Time entitle the holder of
such Warrant
to receive from the Surviving Corporation, upon the exercise of the
Warrant and
delivery of a Subscription Notice (as defined in such Warrant), in
lieu of any
shares of Company Common Stock issuable upon exercise prior to the
Effective
Time, either (a) upon payment of the applicable Exercise Price (as
defined in
such Warrant), an amount in cash equal to the product of the
Merger
Consideration multiplied by the total number of shares of Company
Common Stock
subject to the Warrant designated in such Subscription Notice or
(b) upon a
valid election for a cashless exercise pursuant to the terms of
such Warrant, an
amount in cash equal to (i) the product of the Merger Consideration
multiplied
by the total number of shares of Company Common Stock subject to
the Warrant
designated in such Subscription Notice, minus (ii) the aggregate
Exercise Price
with respect to all shares of Company Common Stock subject to the
Warrant
designated in such Subscription Notice.
Section 1.11 Further Action. At and after the Effective Time,
the
officers and directors of Parent and the Surviving Corporation will
be
authorized to execute and deliver, in the name and on behalf of
Company and
Merger Sub, any deeds, bills of sale, assignments or assurances and
to take and
do, in the name and on behalf of Company and Merger Sub, any other
actions and
things to vest, perfect or confirm of record or otherwise in the
Surviving
Corporation any and all right, title and interest in, to and under
any of the
rights, properties or assets acquired or to be acquired by the
Surviving
Corporation as a result of, or in connection with, the Merger.
5
<PAGE>
ARTICLE II
REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF COMPANY
Except as disclosed in the correspondingly numbered section of
the
disclosure letter dated the date of this Agreement and delivered by
Company to
Parent immediately prior to the execution of this Agreement (the
"COMPANY
DISCLOSURE LETTER"), that specifically relates to such section or
in another
section of the Company Disclosure Letter to the extent that it is
reasonably
apparent from the text of such disclosure that such disclosure is
applicable to
such section, Company hereby represents and warrants to Parent and
Merger Sub as
follows:
Section 2.1 Organization; Standing and Power; Charter
Documents;
Subsidiaries.
(a) Organization; Standing and Power. Company and each of its
Subsidiaries is a corporation or other organization duly organized,
validly
existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of
its
incorporation or organization (to the extent the "good standing"
concept is
applicable in the case of any jurisdiction outside of the United
States). Each
of Company and its Subsidiaries has the requisite corporate power
and authority
to own, lease and operate its respective properties and to carry on
its business
as now being conducted. Each of Company and its Subsidiaries is
duly qualified
to do business and in good standing in each jurisdiction in which
the nature of
its business or the ownership or leasing of its properties makes
such
qualification necessary (to the extent the "good standing" concept
is applicable
in the case of any jurisdiction outside of the United States) other
than where
the failure to so qualify or to be in good standing would not,
individually or
in the aggregate, have a Company Material Adverse Effect. For
purposes of this
Agreement, "SUBSIDIARY," when used with respect to any party, shall
mean any
corporation or other organization, whether incorporated or
unincorporated, at
least a majority of the securities or other interests of which
having by their
terms ordinary voting power to elect a majority of the Board of
Directors or
others performing similar functions with respect to such
corporation or other
organization is directly or indirectly owned or controlled by such
party or by
any one or more of its subsidiaries, or by such party and one or
more of its
subsidiaries (it being understood that, for purposes of this
Agreement, Fortune
shall be deemed to be a Subsidiary of Company).
(b) Charter Documents. Company has delivered or made available
to
Parent: (i) a true and correct copy of the Restated Articles of
Incorporation
(including any Certificate of Designations) and Bylaws of Company,
each as
amended to date (collectively, the "COMPANY CHARTER DOCUMENTS") and
(ii) the
certificate of incorporation and bylaws, or like organizational
documents, each
as amended to date (collectively, the "SUBSIDIARY CHARTER
DOCUMENTS"), of each
of its Subsidiaries, and each such instrument is in full force and
effect.
Company is not in violation of any of the provisions of the Company
Charter
Documents. No Subsidiary is in violation of any of its applicable
Subsidiary
Charter Documents, except where such violations that would not,
individually or
in the aggregate, have a Company Material Adverse Effect.
(c) Subsidiaries. Section 2.1(c) of the Company Disclosure
Letter
lists all of the Subsidiaries of Company. All of the outstanding
shares of
capital stock of, or other equity or voting interests in, each such
Subsidiary
have been validly issued, were issued free of preemptive rights,
and are fully
paid and nonassessable and are owned directly or indirectly by
Company,
6
<PAGE>
free and clear of all pledges, liens, mortgages, encumbrances and
security
interests of any kind or nature whatsoever (collectively, "LIENS"),
including
any restriction on the right to vote, sell or otherwise dispose of
such capital
stock or other ownership interests, except for restrictions imposed
by
applicable securities Laws. Except for the capital stock of, or
other equity or
voting interests in, its Subsidiaries, Company does not own,
directly or
indirectly, any capital stock of, or other equity or voting
interests in, any
corporation, partnership, joint venture, association, limited
liability company
or other entity, other than ordinary course investments in
investment
securities.
Section 2.2 Capital Structure.
(a) Capital Stock. The authorized capital stock of Company
consists
of: (i) 200,000,000 shares of Company Common Stock, without par
value, and (ii)
1,000,000 shares of preferred stock, no par value (the "COMPANY
PREFERRED
STOCK"), of which 200,000 shares of Company Preferred Stock are
designated as
Series A Voting Convertible Preferred Stock and 37,620 shares of
Company
Preferred Stock are designated as Series B Participating Preferred
Stock (the
"JUNIOR PREFERENCE SHARES"). At the close of business on the
business day
immediately preceding the date hereof (the "CAPITALIZATION DATE"):
(i)
36,492,526 shares of Company Common Stock were issued and
outstanding, (ii)
9,000,000 shares of Company Common Stock were subject to issuance
pursuant to
the Warrants, and (iii) no shares of Company Preferred Stock were
issued and
outstanding; provided that 37,620 Junior Preference Shares have
been reserved
for issuance in connection with the Rights Plan. Section 2.2(a) of
the Company
Disclosure Letter sets forth a list of each outstanding Warrant,
and (1) the
name of the holder of such Warrant, (2) the number and class of
shares of
Company capital stock subject to such Warrant, (3) the exercise
price of such
Warrant and (4) the date on which such Warrant expires. All of the
outstanding
shares of capital stock of Company are, and all shares of capital
stock of
Company which may be issued as contemplated or permitted by this
Agreement will
be, when issued, duly authorized and validly issued, fully paid
and
nonassessable and not subject to any preemptive rights. Dissenters'
rights are
not available pursuant to Section 762 of the MBCA with respect to
shares of
Company Common Stock in connection with the transactions
contemplated by this
Agreement.
(b) Options. (i) As of the close of business on the
Capitalization
Date, an aggregate of 1,617,085 shares of Company Common Stock were
subject to
issuance pursuant to outstanding options or stock appreciation
rights to
purchase Company Common Stock ("COMPANY OPTIONS") granted under the
Covansys
Corporation 1996 Stock Option Plan, as amended, and the Covansys
Corporation
2007 Stock Option Plan (collectively, the "COMPANY STOCK PLANS").
All shares of
Company Common Stock subject to issuance under the Company Stock
Plans upon
issuance in accordance with the terms and conditions specified in
the
instruments pursuant to which they are issuable, would be duly
authorized,
validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable. Section 2.2(b)(i) of
the Company
Disclosure Letter sets forth each Company Option outstanding as of
the
Capitalization Date, the number of shares of Company Common Stock
issuable
thereunder or related thereto, the expiration date and the exercise
price
thereof.
(ii) There are no outstanding or authorized stock appreciation
rights, phantom stock, profit participation, rights to purchase or
acquire
Company Preferred Stock or
7
<PAGE>
other similar rights with respect to Company, other than in respect
of the
Junior Preference Shares. Other than the Company Options and the
Warrants, there
are no outstanding (i) securities of Company or any of its
Subsidiaries
convertible into or exchangeable for shares of Voting Debt, capital
stock,
voting securities or other ownership interests in Company, (ii)
options,
restricted stock warrants, rights or other agreements or
commitments to acquire
from Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or obligations of Company
or any of its
Subsidiaries to issue, any Voting Debt, capital stock, voting
securities or
other ownership interests in (or securities convertible into or
exchangeable for
capital stock, voting securities or other ownership interests in)
Company, (iii)
obligations of Company or any of its Subsidiaries to grant, extend
or enter into
any subscription, warrant, right, convertible or exchangeable
security or other
similar agreement or commitment relating to any Voting Debt,
capital stock,
voting securities or other ownership interests in Company (the
items in clauses
(i), (ii) and (iii), together with the capital stock of Company,
being referred
to collectively as "COMPANY SECURITIES"). All outstanding shares of
Company
Common Stock, all outstanding Warrants, all outstanding Company
Options, and all
outstanding shares of capital stock of each Subsidiary of Company
have been
issued and granted in compliance in all material respects with all
requirements
set forth in applicable Contracts.
(iii) There are no outstanding Contracts requiring Company or
any
of its Subsidiaries to (A) repurchase, redeem or otherwise acquire
any Company
Securities or Subsidiary Securities or (B) dispose of any
Subsidiary Securities.
Other than as set forth in Section 2.2(b)(iii) of the Company
Disclosure Letter,
Company is not a party to any voting agreement with respect to any
Company
Securities or Subsidiary Securities.
(iv) To the knowledge of Company, all Company Options have an
exercise price equal to no less than the fair market value of the
underlying
shares of Company Common Stock on the accounting measurement date,
except where
such violations would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a
Company
Material Adverse Effect. To the knowledge of Company, all Company
Options
granted after December 31, 2004, were granted with respect to a
class of stock
of Company that is "service recipient stock" (within the meaning of
applicable
regulations under Code Section 409A).
(c) Voting Debt. No bonds, debentures, notes or other indebtedness
of
Company or any of its Subsidiaries (i) having the right to vote on
any matters
on which shareholders or other equity owners may vote (or which is
convertible
into, or exchangeable for, securities having such right) or (ii)
the value of
which is any way based upon or derived from capital stock or voting
securities
of Company or any of its Subsidiaries, is issued or outstanding as
of the date
hereof (collectively, "VOTING DEBT").
(d) Warrants. Since the issuance of each of the Warrants, (i)
no
adjustment has occurred to the Exercise Price (as defined,
respectively, in each
of the Warrants) or the number of shares of Company Common Stock
subject to the
Warrants, and (ii) there has been no Change that requires any such
adjustment.
(e) Subsidiary Securities. There are no outstanding (i) securities
of
Company or any of its Subsidiaries convertible into or exchangeable
for shares
of Voting Debt, capital stock, voting securities or other ownership
interests in
any Subsidiary of Company, (ii) options,
8
<PAGE>
restricted stock, warrants, rights or other agreements or
commitments to acquire
from Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or obligations of Company
or any of its
Subsidiaries to issue, any Voting Debt, capital stock, voting
securities or
other ownership interests in (or securities convertible into or
exchangeable for
capital stock, voting securities or other ownership interests in)
any Subsidiary
of Company, (iii) obligations of Company or any of its Subsidiaries
to grant,
extend or enter into any subscription, warrant, right, convertible
or
exchangeable security or other similar agreement or commitment
relating to any
Voting Debt, capital stock, voting securities or other ownership
interests in
any Subsidiary of Company (the items in clauses (i), (ii) and
(iii), together
with the capital stock or other equity interests of such
Subsidiaries, being
referred to collectively as "SUBSIDIARY SECURITIES").
Section 2.3 Authority; Non-Contravention; Consents.
(a) Authority. Company has all requisite corporate power and
authority
to enter into this Agreement and, in the case of the consummation
of the Merger,
and the other transactions contemplated hereby, subject to
obtaining the
Requisite Shareholder Approval and the filing of the Certificate of
Merger
pursuant to the MBCA. The execution and delivery of this Agreement
by Company
and the consummation by Company of the transactions contemplated
hereby have
been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action on the part
of Company
and no other corporate proceedings on the part of Company are
necessary by
Company to authorize the execution and delivery of this Agreement
or the
consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, other than in
the case of
consummation of the Merger, obtaining the Requisite Shareholder
Approval and the
filing of the Certificate of Merger pursuant to the MBCA. This
Agreement has
been duly executed and delivered by Company and, assuming due
authorization,
execution and delivery by Parent and Merger Sub, constitutes a
legal, valid and
binding obligation of Company, enforceable against Company in
accordance with
its terms except that such enforceability (a) may be limited by
applicable
bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and other
similar Laws
affecting or relating to creditors' rights generally and (b) is
subject to
general principles of equity, whether considered in a proceeding at
law or in
equity. The making of any offer or proposal, or indication of
interest in making
an offer or proposal, and the taking of any other action by Parent
or Merger Sub
in accordance with this Agreement and the transactions contemplated
hereby have
been consented to by the Board of Directors of Company under
provisions of the
confidentiality agreement, dated April 9, 2007, between Parent and
Company (the
"CONFIDENTIALITY AGREEMENT").
(b)
Company Board Recommendation. The Board of Directors of
Company,
by resolutions duly adopted at a meeting of all directors duly
called and held,
has in accordance with the MBCA (i) determined that the Merger is
fair to, and
in the best interests of, Company and its shareholders and declared
the Merger
to be advisable, (ii) approved the execution, delivery and
performance of this
Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated
hereby in
accordance with the MBCA upon the terms and conditions contained
herein and
adopted the plan of merger contained in this Agreement, and (iii)
resolved to
recommend that the holders of shares of Company Common Stock
approve this
Agreement and the plan of merger contained herein in accordance
with the
applicable provisions of the MBCA and directed that such matter be
submitted to
Company's shareholders at the Shareholders' Meeting (collectively,
the "COMPANY
BOARD RECOMMENDATION").
9
<PAGE>
(c) Requisite Shareholder Approval. The affirmative vote of the
holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Company Common
Stock, voting
together as a single class, is the only vote of the holders of any
class or
series of Company capital stock required to approve this Agreement
and the
Merger. The approval of this Agreement and the Merger by the vote
required by
the preceding sentence is referred to herein as the "REQUISITE
SHAREHOLDER
APPROVAL".
(d) Takeover Laws. The bylaws of Company provide that Company will
not
be subject to the provisions of the MBCA regarding control share
acquisitions.
The Board of Directors of Company, by resolutions duly adopted at a
meeting of
all directors duly called and held, approved in advance the
transactions
contemplated by this Agreement, including the acquisition of
Company and shares
of the capital stock of Company by Parent and Parent becoming an
"interested
shareholder", for purposes of Section 782 of the MBCA, and such
approval is
sufficient to render inapplicable to the Agreement and the
transactions
contemplated hereby Section 780 of the MBCA. Such resolutions and
approvals have
not been subsequently rescinded, modified or withdrawn in any
way.
(e) Rights Plan. Company has taken all necessary action,
including
executing the Rights Plan Amendment, to render the Rights Plan
inapplicable to
this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby. The Rights
Plan, as so
amended, has not been further amended or modified. Copies of all
such amendments
to the Rights Plan have been previously provided to Parent.
(f) Non-Contravention. The execution and delivery of this Agreement
by
Company does not, and performance of this Agreement by Company will
not: (i)
conflict with or violate the Company Charter Documents or any of
the Subsidiary
Charter Documents, (ii) subject to obtaining the Requisite
Shareholder Approval
and compliance with the requirements set forth in Section 2.3(g),
conflict with
or violate any Law applicable to Company or any of its Subsidiaries
or by which
Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any of their respective
properties is
bound or affected, (iii) subject to obtaining the Requisite
Shareholder Approval
and compliance with the requirements set forth in Section 2.3(g),
result in any
breach of or constitute a default (or an event that with notice or
lapse of time
or both would become a default), or impair Company's or any of its
Subsidiaries'
rights or alter the rights or obligations of any third party, or
give to others
any rights of termination, amendment, acceleration or cancellation,
or require
any consent, under any Contract, or (iv) result in the creation of
any Lien on
any of the properties or assets of Company or any of its
Subsidiaries, except in
the case of each of clauses (iii) and (iv) above, for such
violations,
conflicts, defaults, terminations, accelerations or Liens which
would not,
individually or in the aggregate, have a Company Material Adverse
Effect.
(g) Consents. No consent, approval, order or authorization of,
or
registration, declaration or filing (any of the foregoing being a
"CONSENT")
with any federal, state or foreign government, any instrumentality,
political
subdivision, court, administrative agency or commission or other
governmental
authority or instrumentality, or any quasi-governmental body
exercising any
regulatory, taxing, importing or other governmental or
quasi-governmental
authority (a "GOVERNMENTAL ENTITY") is required to be obtained or
made by
Company in connection with the execution and delivery of this
Agreement or the
consummation of the
10
<PAGE>
Merger and other transactions contemplated hereby, except for: (i)
the filing of
the Certificate of Merger with the Department of Labor and Economic
Growth and
appropriate documents with the relevant authorities of other states
to satisfy
the applicable material Laws of states in which Company is
qualified to do
business, (ii) the filing of the Proxy Statement with the
Securities and
Exchange Commission ("SEC") in accordance with the Securities
Exchange Act of
1934, as amended (the "EXCHANGE ACT"), and such reports under the
Exchange Act
as may be required in connection with this Agreement, the Merger
and the other
transactions contemplated by this Agreement, (iii) such Consents,
as may be
required under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of
1976, as
amended (the "HSR ACT") and any applicable foreign antitrust,
competition or
merger control Laws ("FOREIGN ANTITRUST LAWS"), that are applicable
to the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement, (iv) such material
Consents as may
be required under applicable state securities, "blue sky" or
federal laws, the
securities laws of any foreign country, or the rules and
regulations of the
NASDAQ Global Select Market ("NASDAQ") or the New York Stock
Exchange ("NYSE"),
and (v) such other Consents, which if not obtained or made would
not,
individually or in the aggregate, have a Company Material Adverse
Effect.
Section 2.4 SEC Filings; Financial Statements; Internal
Controls;
Sarbanes-Oxley Act Compliance.
(a) SEC Filings. Company has filed with or furnished to the SEC
all
registration statements, prospectuses, reports, schedules, forms,
statements and
other documents (including exhibits and all other information
incorporated by
reference) required to be so filed or furnished by it since January
1, 2005 (the
"COMPANY SEC DOCUMENTS"). Company has made available to Parent all
such Company
SEC Documents (except to the extent such Company SEC Documents are
publicly
available in the Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval
(EDGAR)
database of the SEC). As of their respective filing dates (or, if
amended or
superseded by a subsequent filing, as of the date of the last such
amendment or
superseding filing prior to the date hereof), each of the Company
SEC Documents
complied as to conform in all material respects with the applicable
requirements
of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "SECURITIES ACT"),
the Exchange
Act and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the "SARBANES-OXLEY ACT"),
as
applicable, and the rules and regulations of the SEC thereunder
applicable to
such Company SEC Documents. None of the Company SEC Documents,
including any
financial statements, schedules or exhibits included or
incorporated by
reference therein at the time they were filed (or, if amended or
superseded by a
subsequent filing, as of the date of the last such amendment or
superseding
filing prior to the date hereof) contained any untrue statement of
a material
fact or omitted to state a material fact necessary in order to make
the
statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which
they were
made, not misleading. None of Company's Subsidiaries is required to
file any
forms, reports or other documents with the SEC.
(b) Financial Statements. Each of the consolidated financial
statements (including, in each case, any related notes thereto)
contained in the
Company SEC Documents (the "COMPANY FINANCIALS"), as amended or
supplemented
prior to the date of this Agreement: (i) was prepared in accordance
with United
States generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") applied on
a consistent
basis throughout the periods involved (except as may be indicated
in the notes
thereto), and (ii) fairly presents in all material respects the
consolidated
financial position of Company and its consolidated Subsidiaries at
the
respective dates thereof and the consolidated results of Company's
operations,
shareholders' equity and cash flows for
11
<PAGE>
the periods indicated; provided, that unaudited interim financial
statements may
not contain footnotes required by GAAP to be included in audited
financial
statements and are subject to normal year-end audit adjustments
which are not,
individually or in the aggregate, material in amount or
significance, in each
case as permitted by GAAP and the applicable rules and regulations
of the SEC.
(c) Internal Controls. Company has implemented and maintains a
system
of internal controls over financial reporting that are sufficient
to provide
reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial
reporting and
preparation of financial statements for external purposes in
accordance with
GAAP, including policies and procedures that provide reasonable
assurance that
(i) transactions are executed only in accordance with
authorizations of
management and directors and (ii) transactions are recorded as
necessary to
permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP.
Company has
implemented and maintains disclosure controls and procedures
sufficient to
ensure that information required to be disclosed by Company in the
reports it
files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed,
summarized and
reported within the time frames specified by the SEC's rules and
forms. None of
Company or its Subsidiaries has been made aware of (A) any
significant
deficiencies or material weaknesses in the design or operation of
Company's
internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in Rule
13a-15(f) under
the Exchange Act), which would, individually or in the aggregate,
have a Company
Material Adverse Effect or (B) any fraud, whether or not material,
that involves
management or other employees who have a significant role in
Company's internal
controls over financial reporting.
(d) Undisclosed Liabilities. The balance sheet of Company, dated as
of
December 31, 2006 (the "BALANCE SHEET DATE"), contained in the
Company SEC
Documents filed prior to the date hereof is hereinafter referred to
as the
"COMPANY BALANCE SHEET." Neither Company nor any of its
Subsidiaries has any
liabilities (absolute, accrued, contingent, or otherwise) of the
type required
to be disclosed by GAAP on the Company Balance Sheet (or reflected
in the
footnotes thereto) that would, individually or in the aggregate,
reasonably be
expected to be material to Company and its Subsidiaries taken as a
whole, other
than (a) liabilities as and to the extent reflected or reserved
against on the
Company Balance Sheet and (b) liabilities and obligations incurred
since the
Balance Sheet Date in the ordinary course of business consistent
with past
practice.
(e) Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements. Neither Company nor any of
its
Subsidiaries is a party to, or has any commitment to become a party
to, any
joint venture, partnership agreement or any similar Contract
(including any
Contract relating to any transaction, arrangement or relationship
between or
among Company or any of its Subsidiaries, on the one hand, and
any
unconsolidated affiliate or other entity, including any structured
finance,
special purpose or limited purpose entity or person, on the other
hand) the
purpose or effect of which is to avoid disclosure of any material
transaction
involving Company or any of its Subsidiaries in Company's
consolidated financial
statements, or is otherwise a party to any arrangement described in
Section
303(a)(4) of Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC.
(f) Sarbanes-Oxley Compliance. The chief executive officer and
chief
financial officer of Company have made all certifications required
by Sections
302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act with respect to any Company
SEC Document,
except as disclosed in
12
<PAGE>
certifications filed with Company SEC Documents. Neither Company
nor, to the
knowledge of Company, any of its officers has received notice from
any
Governmental Entity challenging or questioning the accuracy,
completeness, form
or manner of filing of such certifications.
Section 2.5 Absence of Certain Changes or Events. Since the
Balance
Sheet Date, (a) there has not been any Company Material Adverse
Effect and (b)
except for actions expressly contemplated by this Agreement or
publicly
disclosed by Company in Company SEC Documents filed or furnished
prior to the
date hereof, (i) the business of each of Company and its
Subsidiaries has been
conducted in all material respects in the ordinary course
consistent with past
practice and (ii) there has not been (A) other than cash dividends
made by any
wholly owned Subsidiary of Company to Company or one of its
Subsidiaries, any
split, combination or reclassification of any shares of capital
stock,
declaration, setting aside or paying of any dividend or other
distribution
(whether in cash, shares or property or any combination thereof) in
respect of
any shares of capital stock of Company or any Subsidiary; (B) any
change in any
method of accounting or accounting principles or practice by
Company or any of
its Subsidiaries, except for any such change required by reason of
a change in
GAAP or regulatory accounting principles; (C) any amendment of
Company Charter
Documents; (D) any acquisition, redemption or amendment of any
Company
Securities or Subsidiary Securities; (E) (1) any incurrence or
assumption of any
long-term or short-term debt or issuance of any debt securities by
Company or
any of its Subsidiaries except for short-term debt incurred to fund
operations
of the business or owed to Company or any of its wholly-owned
Subsidiaries, in
each case, in the ordinary course of business consistent with past
practice, (2)
any assumption, guarantee or endorsement of the obligations of any
other Person
(except direct or indirect wholly-owned Subsidiaries of Company) by
Company or
any of its Subsidiaries, (3) any loan, advance or capital
contribution to, or
other investment in, any other Person by Company or any of its
Subsidiaries
(other than customary loans or advances to employees or direct or
indirect
wholly-owned Subsidiaries, in each case in the ordinary course of
business
consistent with past practice) or (4) any mortgage or pledge of
Company's or any
of its Subsidiaries' assets, tangible or intangible, or any
creation of any Lien
thereupon (other than Permitted Encumbrances); (F) any plan of
complete or
partial liquidation, dissolution, merger, consolidation,
restructuring,
recapitalization or other reorganization of Company or any of its
Subsidiaries
(other than the Merger); (G) any material revaluation by Company or
any of its
Subsidiaries of any of its assets, including writing down the value
of
capitalized inventory or writing off notes or accounts receivable,
other than in
the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice; or
(H) any
communication between Nasdaq and Company with respect to the actual
or potential
de-listing of the Company Common Stock. For purposes of this
Agreement, the term
"PERMITTED ENCUMBRANCES" shall mean (a) Liens for Taxes not yet due
and payable
or that are being contested in good faith by appropriate
proceedings, (b) Liens
imposed by Law, such as landlord's, mechanics', laborers',
carriers',
materialmen's, suppliers' and vendors' Liens arising in the
ordinary course of
business for sums not yet due and payable, or that are being
contested in good
faith by appropriate proceedings and for which appropriate reserves
have been
established in accordance with GAAP, (c) Liens securing the
performance of bids,
tenders, leases, contracts (other than for the payment of debt),
statutory
obligations, surety, customs and appeal bonds and other obligations
of like
nature, incurred as an incident to and in the ordinary course of
business, and
(d) such other imperfections of title, charges, easements,
restrictions and
encumbrances as do not materially detract from the value of or
otherwise
materially interfere
13
<PAGE>
with the present use of any of Company's or its Subsidiaries'
properties or
otherwise materially impair Company's or its Subsidiaries' business
operations.
Section 2.6 Taxes.
(a) Definition. For the purposes of this Agreement, the term "TAX"
or,
collectively, "TAXES" shall mean any and all federal, state, local
and foreign
taxes, assessments and other governmental charges, duties,
impositions and
liabilities in the nature of taxes, including taxes based upon or
measured by
gross receipts, net worth, income, profits, sales, use and
occupation, and value
added, ad valorem, transfer, franchise, withholding, payroll,
recapture,
employment, excise and property taxes, together with all interest,
penalties and
additions imposed with respect to such amounts.
(b) Tax Returns and Audits.
Except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a
Company
Material Adverse Effect:
(i) Company and each of its Subsidiaries have prepared and
timely
filed all required federal, state, local and foreign returns,
estimates,
information statements and reports and any amendments thereto ("TAX
RETURNS")
relating to any and all Taxes concerning or attributable to
Company, its
Subsidiaries or their respective operations and such Tax Returns
are true and
correct and have been completed in accordance with applicable
Law.
(ii)
Company and each of its Subsidiaries have complied with all
applicable Laws relating to the payment and withholding of Taxes
and have timely
withheld and paid to the appropriate foreign or domestic
Governmental Entity
exercising any taxing or Tax regulatory authority (a "TAXING
AUTHORITY") all
Taxes and any other amounts required to be paid or withheld in
connection with
amounts paid or owed to any employee, independent contractor,
creditor or other
third party.
(iii) Neither Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is delinquent
in the payment of any Tax, nor is there any Tax deficiency
outstanding, assessed
or proposed against Company or any of its Subsidiaries, nor does
Company or any
of its Subsidiaries have in effect any waiver of any statute of
limitations on
or extending the period for the assessment or collection of any
Tax.
(iv) No audit or other examination of any Tax Return of Company
or any of its Subsidiaries is presently in progress, nor has
Company or any of
its Subsidiaries received written notification of any request for
such an audit
or other examination.
(v) There are no Liens on the assets of Company or any of its
Subsidiaries relating to or attributable to Taxes, other than Liens
for Taxes
not yet due and payable.
(vi) None of the assets of Company or any of its Subsidiaries
is
treated as "tax-exempt use property," within the meaning of Section
168(h) of
the Code.
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<PAGE>
(vii) Neither Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is, nor has
been at any time during the 5-year period ending with the Effective
Time, a
"United States Real Property Holding Corporation" within the
meaning of Section
897(c)(2) of the Code.
(viii) Neither Company nor any of its Subsidiaries (1) is, or
since January 1, 2002 has been, a member of an affiliated group
(within the
meaning of Code Section 1504(a)) filing a consolidated federal
income Tax Return
(other than a group the common parent of which was Company), (2) is
a party to
any Tax sharing, indemnification or allocation agreement, nor does
Company or
any of its Subsidiaries owe any amount under any such agreement, or
(3) has any
liability for the Taxes of any Person (other than Company or any of
its
Subsidiaries) under Treas. Reg. Section 1.1502-6 (or any similar
provision of
state, local or foreign Law), as a transferee or successor, by
contract, or
otherwise.
(ix) Neither Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has
constituted
either a "distributing corporation" or a "controlled corporation"
in a
distribution of stock intended to qualify for tax-free treatment
under Section
355 of the Code (x) in the two years prior to the date of this
Agreement or (y)
in a distribution which could otherwise constitute part of a "plan"
or "series
of related transactions" (within the meaning of Section 355(e) of
the Code) in
conjunction with the Merger.
(x) Neither Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has
participated
in a transaction that is the same as or substantially similar to
one of the
types of transactions that the Internal Revenue Service has
determined to be a
tax avoidance transaction and identified by notice, regulation, or
other form of
published guidance as a listed transaction, as set forth in Section
6707A(c)(2)
of the Code.
(xi) Company and each of its Subsidiaries are in compliance
with
all terms and conditions of any Tax exemption, Tax holiday or other
Tax
reduction agreement or order of a territorial or non-U.S.
government.
(xii) No claim has been made in writing by any Taxing Authority
in a jurisdiction where none of the Company or any of its
Subsidiaries files Tax
Returns to the effect that any of Company or its Subsidiaries is or
may be
subject to taxation by, or any of Company or its Subsidiaries is
required to
file any Tax Return in, that jurisdiction.
(xiii) Neither Company nor any of its Subsidiaries (a) has
agreed
to or is required to make any adjustment under Section 481 of the
Code that will
require an adjustment to taxable income for any period following
the Effective
Time, (b) has received written notification that the Internal
Revenue Service is
proposing any such adjustment, or (c) has an application pending
with the
Internal Revenue Service requesting permission for any changes in
methods of
accounting.
(xiv) To the knowledge of Company, (a) neither Company nor any
of
its Subsidiaries has participated in or cooperated with an
international boycott
within the meaning of Section 999 of the Code and (b) Company is
not and, within
the past three years, has not been a passive foreign investment
company within
the meaning of Section 1297 of the Code.
15
<PAGE>
(xv) Company has not within the past three years received
written
notification from any U.S. federal or state Taxing Authority making
or proposing
any adjustment of Tax items of the Company or any of its
Subsidiaries pursuant
to Section 482 of the Code.
(xvi) Neither Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has entered
into a gain recognition agreement described in Treas. Reg. Section
1.367(a)-8
that would be outstanding after the Effective Time.
(xvii) Neither Company
nor any of its Subsidiaries is party to or
bound by any closing agreement with any U.S. federal or state
Taxing Authority
that has been entered into within the past three years.
Section 2.7 Intellectual Property.
(a)
Section 2.7(a) of Company Disclosure Letter contains a complete
and accurate list (by name and version number), as of the date
hereof, of all
Company owned material products (i) currently distributed,
marketed, or sold by
Company or its Subsidiaries and (ii) that Company expects or
intends to make
available commercially or for revenue that are in development by
the Company or
any of its Subsidiaries as of the Closing Date ("COMPANY
PRODUCTS"), provided
that Company makes no representation or warranty that all such
Company Products
will in fact be made commercially available as of the Closing Date
or that there
are no other products that may become available at that time.
(b) Section 2.7(b) of Company Disclosure Letter contains a
complete
and accurate list, as of the date hereof, of the following Owned
Company IP: (i)
all such registered Trademarks and material unregistered
Trademarks; (ii) all
such Patents, if any, and (iii) all registered Copyrights, in each
case listing,
as applicable, (A) the name of the current owner, (B) the
jurisdiction where the
application/registration was filed or issued, and (C) the
application or
registration number. To the knowledge of Company, none of the Owned
Company IP
is invalid, except for any such invalidity that would not,
individually or in
the aggregate, have a Company Material Adverse Effect.
(c) Section 2.7(c) of Company Disclosure Letter contains a
complete
and accurate list, as of the date hereof, of Company's Domain
Name
registrations. Section 2.7(c) of Company Disclosure Letter
identifies, for each
Domain Name registration, the named owner, and the registrar with
which that
Domain Name is registered. To the knowledge of Company, Company's
use and
registration of its Domain Names do not infringe any third party's
Intellectual
Property Rights, except for any such infringement that would not,
individually
or in the aggregate, have a Company Material Adverse Effect. In the
case in
which Company or any of its Subsidiaries has acquired ownership of
a Domain Name
registration from another party, Company or its Subsidiary has, to
the knowledge
of Company, made or procured a transfer of the Domain Name in
accordance with
the procedure of the registrar, except as would not, individually
or in the
aggregate, have a Company Material Adverse Effect.
(d) In each case in which Company or any of its Subsidiaries
has
acquired assignments of ownership of any registered Trademarks,
registered
Copyrights, or Patents currently included in the Owned Company IP
from another
Person as set forth in the Company
16
<PAGE>
Disclosure Letter, Company or one of its Subsidiaries has recorded
or caused to
be recorded each such assignment with the U.S. Patent and Trademark
Office, the
U.S. Copyright Office, or their respective equivalents in the
applicable
jurisdiction, in each case in accordance with applicable Laws,
except as would
not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Company Material
Adverse Effect.
(e) "COMPANY IP AGREEMENTS" shall mean any material Contract that
is
in effect on the date hereof and (i) under which Company or any of
its
Subsidiaries uses or otherwise exploits or has the right to use or
otherwise
exploit any Licensed Company IP, other than licenses and related
services
agreements for software that is used or otherwise exploited by
Company or any of
its Subsidiaries but not incorporated into any Company Products and
that has not
been materially customized solely for use or exploitation by
Company or any of
its Subsidiaries by the relevant licensor or service provider; or
(ii) under
which Company or any of its Subsidiaries has licensed to others any
rights under
or agreed to transfer to others any of the Company IP or Company
Intellectual
Property Rights, other than customer licenses or other similar
agreements
entered into in the ordinary course of business. To the knowledge
of Company,
neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is in breach of any
of the
Company IP Agreements and, in each case except as would not,
individually or in
the aggregate, have a Company Material Adverse Effect: (1) the
parties
contracting with Company or any of its Subsidiaries under the
Company IP
Agreements are not in breach thereof; (2) there are no pending
disputes
regarding the scope of such Company IP Agreements, performance
under the Company
IP Agreements, or with respect to payments made or received under
such Company
IP Agreements; and (3) all Company IP Agreements are in full force
and effect.
(f)
To the knowledge of Company, the Owned Company IP, together
with
the Licensed Company IP, is sufficient for the conduct of the
business of
Company and its Subsidiaries as currently conducted.
(g) Company and its Subsidiaries own all right, title and interest
in
the Owned Company IP, free and clear of all Liens other than (i)
encumbrances,
restrictions or other obligations arising under any of the Company
IP Agreements
and (ii) Liens that would not, individually or in the aggregate,
have or
reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse
Effect.
(h) Company and each of its Subsidiaries has taken reasonable
and
appropriate steps that, as a whole, are reasonable and appropriate
to protect
and preserve the confidentiality of any Trade Secrets that comprise
any part of
the Company IP. To the knowledge of Company, all use and disclosure
by Company
or any of its Subsidiaries of Trade Secrets owned by another Person
have been
pursuant to the terms of a written or other agreement with such
Person or were
otherwise lawful, except as would not, individually or in the
aggregate, have a
Company Material Adverse Effect. Company and its Subsidiaries have
used
commercially reasonable efforts to enforce any policy they
respectively maintain
with respect to the confidentiality of Trade Secrets, except for
any failure to
enforce that would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a
Company
Material Adverse Effect.
(i) To the knowledge of Company, the Company Products and the
conduct
by the Company and its Subsidiaries of their respective businesses
have not
infringed upon or
17
<PAGE>
otherwise violated and do not infringe upon or otherwise violate
the
Intellectual Property Rights of any third party, except for any
such
infringement that would not, individually or in the aggregate, have
a Company
Material Adverse Effect. To the knowledge of Company, no Person or
any of such
Person's products is infringing upon in any material respect any
Owned Company
IP.
(j) There is no Proceeding involving a third party pending or, to
the
knowledge of Company, filed or threatened with respect to, and
Company has not
been notified in writing of, any alleged infringement or other
violation in any
material respect by Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any of
its or their
current products or services or other operation of Company's or
its
Subsidiaries' business of the Intellectual Property Rights of such
third party.
There is no pending or, to the knowledge of Company, threatened
claim
challenging the validity or enforceability of, or contesting
Company's or any of
its Subsidiaries' ownership of or rights with respect to, any of
the Owned
Company IP. To the knowledge of Company, Company and its
Subsidiaries are not
subject to any Order that restricts or impairs the use of any
Company
Intellectual Property or Intellectual Property Rights, other than
restrictions
or impairments that would not, individually or in the aggregate,
have or
reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse
Effect.
(k) The execution and delivery of this Agreement and the
consummation
of the transactions contemplated hereby (including the Offer and
the Merger)
will not result in (i) Company or its Subsidiaries granting to any
third party
any rights or licenses to any Intellectual Property or Intellectual
Property
Rights pursuant to any Company IP Agreement, (ii) any right of
termination or
cancellation under any Company IP Agreement, (iii) the imposition
of any Lien on
any Owned Company IP, or (iv) after the Merger, Parent or any of
its
Subsidiaries being required, under the terms of any agreement to
which Company
or any of its Subsidiaries is a party, to grant any third party any
rights or
licenses to any of Parent's or any of its Subsidiaries' material
Intellectual
Property or material Intellectual Property Rights, except, in the
case of each
of clauses (ii) and (iii), as would not, individually or in the
aggregate, have
a Company Material Adverse Effect.
(l) Company and its Subsidiaries have taken commercially
reasonable
steps and implemented commercially reasonable procedures to prevent
viruses and
other disabling codes from entering Company Products. For the
avoidance of
doubt, any unauthorized access caused, in whole or in part, by the
operating
systems, hardware or software of third parties shall not be deemed
to be caused
by the Company Products.
(m) To the knowledge of Company, the Company Disclosure Letter
contains a complete and accurate list of all software that is
distributed as
"open source software" or under a similar licensing or distribution
model
(including but not limited to the GNU General Public License) that
is
incorporated into or bundled with (i) a Company Product or (ii) any
material
software used by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries and covered
in whole or
material part by any Owned Company IP.
(n) To the knowledge of Company, neither Company nor any of its
Subsidiaries has experienced any material defects in the software
and hardware
used in their business as it is currently conducted (including any
error or
omission in the processing of any
18
<PAGE>
data) that, if not resolved, would, individually or in the
aggregate, have or
reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse
Effect.
(o) To the knowledge of Company, Company's and its
Subsidiaries'
collection and dissemination of personal customer information in
connection with
their business has been conducted in accordance with applicable
privacy policies
published or otherwise adopted by Company and its Subsidiaries and
any
applicable Laws, except as would not, individually or in the
aggregate, have a
Company Material Adverse Effect.
(p) For purposes of this Agreement, the following terms have
the
meanings set forth herein:
(i) "DERIVATIVE WORK" shall have the meaning set forth in 17
U.S.C. Section 101.
(ii) "DOMAIN NAMES" shall mean any alphanumeric designation
that
is registered with, or assigned by, any domain name registrar,
domain name
registry, or other domain name registration authority as part of an
electronic
address on the Internet.
(iii) "INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY" shall mean any or all of the
following: (1) proprietary inventions (whether patentable or not),
invention
disclosures, industrial designs, improvements, trade secrets,
proprietary
information, know how, technology, technical data and customer
lists, and all
documentation relating to any of the foregoing; (2) business,
technical and
know-how information, non-public information, and confidential
information and
rights to limit the use or disclosure thereof by any Person
including databases
and data collections and all rights therein; (3) original works of
authorship
(including computer program, source code, object code, whether
embodied in
software, firmware or otherwise), architecture, documentation,
files, records,
schematics, verilog files, netlists, emulation and simulation
reports, test
vectors and hardware development tools; and (4) any similar or
equivalent
property of any of the foregoing (as applicable).
(iv) "INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS" shall mean any or all of
the
following and all worldwide common law and statutory rights in,