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AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF MERGER

Agreement and Plan of Merger

AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF MERGER | Document Parties: VITRIA TECHNOLOGY INC | INNOVATION TECHNOLOGY GROUP, INC. | ITG ACQUISITION, INC You are currently viewing:
This Agreement and Plan of Merger involves

VITRIA TECHNOLOGY INC | INNOVATION TECHNOLOGY GROUP, INC. | ITG ACQUISITION, INC

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Title: AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF MERGER
Governing Law: Delaware     Date: 9/22/2006
Industry: Software and Programming    

AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF MERGER, Parties: vitria technology inc , innovation technology group  inc. , itg acquisition  inc
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Exhibit 2.1

 

AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF MERGER

DATED AS OF SEPTEMBER 20, 2006

AMONG

INNOVATION TECHNOLOGY GROUP, INC.,

ITG ACQUISITION, INC.

AND

VITRIA TECHNOLOGY, INC.

 


 

 

AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF MERGER

 

This AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF MERGER, dated as of September 20, 2006 (this “ Agreement ”), is among INNOVATION TECHNOLOGY GROUP, INC., a Delaware corporation (“ Parent ”), ITG ACQUISITION, INC., a Delaware corporation and a direct, wholly owned Subsidiary of Parent (“ Merger Sub ”), and VITRIA TECHNOLOGY, INC., a Delaware corporation (the “ Company ”). Certain terms used in this Agreement are used as defined in Section 8.13.

 

WHEREAS, Parent desires to acquire the entire equity interest in the Company and to provide for the payment of $2.75 per share in cash for all shares of the issued and outstanding Company Common Stock (as hereinafter defined) not held as of the Effective Time (as hereinafter defined) by Parent, Merger Sub or the Parent Group (as hereinafter defined);

 

WHEREAS, immediately prior to the execution of this Agreement by the parties hereto, Parent, certain of its affiliates and certain persons or entities identified on Schedule A hereto (collectively, the “ Parent Group ”), beneficially and of record owned 9,861,503 outstanding shares (excluding options) of Company Common Stock, constituting approximately 29% of the issued and outstanding shares of Company Common Stock;

 

WHEREAS, the respective Boards of Directors of the Company and Merger Sub have approved and declared advisable, and the Board of Directors of Parent has approved, this Agreement and the merger of Merger Sub with and into the Company (the “ Merger ”), on the terms and subject to the conditions provided for in this Agreement;

 

WHEREAS, concurrently with the execution of this Agreement, and as a condition and inducement to the Company’s willingness to enter into this Agreement, the members of the Parent Group are entering into voting agreements with the Company; and

 

WHEREAS, Parent, Merger Sub and the Company desire to make certain representations, warranties, covenants and agreements in connection with the Merger and also to prescribe various conditions to the Merger.

 

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the representations, warranties, covenants and agreements contained in this Agreement, and intending to be legally bound hereby, Parent, Merger Sub and the Company hereby agree as follows:

 

ARTICLE 1

 

The Merger

 

Section  1.1   The Merger .   Upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement, and in accordance with the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the “ DGCL ”), at the Effective Time, Merger Sub shall be merged with and into the Company, and the separate corporate existence of Merger Sub shall thereupon cease, and the Company shall be the surviving corporation in the Merger (the “ Surviving Corporation ”).

 

Section  1.2   Closing .   The closing of the Merger (the “ Closing ”) shall take place at 10:00 a.m. (California time) on a date to be specified by the parties, which date shall be no later than the second business day after satisfaction or waiver of the conditions set forth in Article 6 (other than those conditions that by their nature are to be satisfied at the Closing, but subject to the satisfaction or waiver of such conditions), unless another time or date, or both, are agreed to in writing by the parties hereto. The date on which the Closing is held is herein referred to as the “Closing Date.” The Closing will be held at the offices of Cooley Godward LLP, 3175 Hanover Street, Palo Alto, California 94304, unless another place is agreed to in writing by the parties hereto.

 

Section  1.3   Effective Time .   Subject to the provisions of this Agreement, on the Closing Date the parties shall file with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware a certificate of merger (the “ Certificate of Merger ”), executed in accordance with the relevant provisions of the DGCL. The Merger shall become effective upon the filing of the Certificate of Merger with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware or at such later time as is agreed to by the parties hereto and specified in the Certificate of Merger (the time at which the Merger becomes effective is herein referred to as the “ Effective Time ”).


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Section  1.4   Effects of the Merger .   From and after the Effective Time, the Merger shall have the effects set forth in the DGCL. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, and subject thereto, at the Effective Time, all the properties, rights, privileges, powers and franchises of the Company and Merger Sub shall vest in the Surviving Corporation, and all debts, liabilities and duties of the Company and Merger Sub shall become the debts, liabilities and duties of the Surviving Corporation.

 

Section  1.5   Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws of the Surviving Corporation .

 

(a) The certificate of incorporation of the Company, as in effect immediately prior to the Effective Time, shall be amended in the Merger to be in the form of Exhibit A hereto and, as so amended, such certificate of incorporation shall be the certificate of incorporation of the Surviving Corporation until thereafter amended as provided therein or by applicable Law.

 

(b) Parent shall take all necessary actions to cause the bylaws of Merger Sub, in the form attached as Exhibit B hereto, to be the bylaws of the Surviving Corporation until thereafter amended as provided therein or by applicable Law.

 

Section  1.6   Directors of the Surviving Corporation .   The directors of Merger Sub immediately prior to the Effective Time shall be the directors of the Surviving Corporation immediately following the Effective Time, until the earlier of their resignation or removal or until their respective successors are duly elected and qualified, as the case may be.

 

Section  1.7   Officers of the Surviving Corporation .   The officers of the Company immediately prior to the Effective Time shall be the officers of the Surviving Corporation until their respective successors are duly appointed and qualified or their earlier death, resignation or removal in accordance with the certificate of incorporation and bylaws of the Surviving Corporation.

 

Section  1.8   Additional Actions .    If, at any time after the Effective Time, the Surviving Corporation shall determine that any deeds, bills of sale, assignments or assurances in law or any other acts are reasonably necessary to vest, perfect or confirm, of record or otherwise, in the Surviving Corporation its right, title or interest in, to or under any of the rights, properties or assets of the Company or Merger Sub, the officers and directors of the Surviving Corporation and Parent shall be fully authorized in the name of the Company to take any and all such action.

 

ARTICLE 2

 

Effect of the Merger on the Capital Stock of the Constituent Corporations;

Exchange of Certificates; Company Stock Options

 

Section  2.1   Effect on Capital Stock.   At the Effective Time, by virtue of the Merger and without any action on the part of the holder of any shares of Company Capital Stock or any shares of capital stock of Merger Sub:

 

(a) Capital Stock of Merger Sub. Each issued and outstanding share of capital stock of Merger Sub shall be converted into and become one validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable share of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, of the Surviving Corporation;

 

(b) Cancellation of Treasury Stock and Parent-Owned Stock. Any shares of Company Capital Stock that are owned by the Company as treasury stock, and any shares of Company Capital Stock owned by Parent, Merger Sub, any other wholly owned Subsidiary of Parent, or held by those persons or entities listed in Schedule A attached hereto, shall be automatically canceled and shall cease to exist and no consideration shall be delivered in exchange therefor; and

 

(c) Conversion of Company Common Stock. Each issued and outstanding share of Company Common Stock (other than shares to be canceled in accordance with Section 2.1(b) and Appraisal Shares) shall be converted into the right to receive $2.75 in cash, without interest (the “ Per Share Amount ”). As used herein, the term “ Merger Consideration ” means the cash payable to former stockholders of the Company pursuant to this Section 2.1(c).


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Section  2.2   Appraisal Rights .   Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, shares of Company Common Stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time that are held by any holder who is entitled to demand and properly demands appraisal of such shares pursuant to, and who complies in all respects with, the provisions of Section 262 of the DGCL (“ Section 262 ”) shall not be converted into the right to receive the Merger Consideration as provided in Section 2.1(c), but instead such holder shall be entitled to payment of the fair value of such shares (the “ Appraisal Shares ”) in accordance with the provisions of Section 262. At the Effective Time, all Appraisal Shares shall no longer be outstanding and shall automatically be canceled and shall cease to exist, and each holder of Appraisal Shares shall cease to have any rights with respect thereto, except the right to receive the fair value of such Appraisal Shares in accordance with the provisions of Section 262. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if any such holder shall fail to perfect or otherwise shall waive, withdraw or lose the right to appraisal under Section 262 or a court of competent jurisdiction shall determine that such holder is not entitled to the relief provided by Section 262, then the right of such holder to be paid the fair value of such holder’s Appraisal Shares under Section 262 shall cease and each of such Appraisal Shares shall be deemed to have been converted at the Effective Time into, and shall have become, the right to receive the Per Share Amount as provided in Section 2.1(c). The Company shall (i) deliver prompt notice to Parent of any demands for appraisal of any shares of Company Common Stock, and (ii) give Parent the opportunity to participate in all negotiations and proceedings with respect to any such demand. Prior to the Effective Time, the Company shall not, without the prior written consent of Parent, such consent not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed, make any payment with respect to, or settle or offer to settle, any such demands, or agree to do any of the foregoing.

 

Section  2.3   Surrender of Certificates .

 

(a)  Paying Agent .   Prior to the Effective Time, Parent shall designate a bank or trust company reasonably acceptable to the Company to act as agent (the “ Paying Agent ”) for payment of the Merger Consideration upon surrender of the certificates that immediately prior to the Effective Time represented shares of Company Capital Stock (each such certificate, a “ Certificate ”). Immediately following the Effective Time, Parent shall deposit, or cause to be deposited, with the Paying Agent cash sufficient to pay the aggregate Merger Consideration payable pursuant to Section 2.1(c) upon surrender of Certificates representing outstanding shares of Company Capital Stock (it being understood that Parent may cause the Surviving Corporation to deposit a portion of such cash amount with the Paying Agent, provided, however, that Parent shall not cause the Surviving Corporation to deposit with the Paying Agent any amount of cash which, after such deposit, would cause the Surviving Corporation: (i) to be unable to pay its debts (including trade debts) as they mature; (ii) to have the fair value of the Surviving Corporation’s liabilities exceed the fair value of its assets as a going concern; or (iii) to be left with unreasonably small capital). Such funds provided to the Paying Agent are referred to herein as the “ Payment Fund .”

 

(b)  Payment Procedures .   Promptly after the Effective Time, the Paying Agent shall mail to each holder of record of a Certificate: (i) a letter of transmittal (which shall specify that delivery of the Certificates shall be effected, and risk of loss and title to the Certificates shall pass, only upon delivery of the Certificates to the Paying Agent); and (ii) instructions for use in effecting the surrender of the Certificates in exchange for the right to receive the Per Share Amount with respect to each share of Company Common Stock evidenced by such Certificate. Upon surrender of a Certificate for cancellation to the Paying Agent, together with such letter of transmittal, duly completed and validly executed in accordance with the instructions (and such other customary documents as may reasonably be required by the Paying Agent), the holder of such Certificate shall be entitled to receive in exchange therefor the Per Share Amount with respect to each share of Company Common Stock evidenced by such Certificate, and the Certificate so surrendered shall forthwith be canceled. In the event of a transfer of ownership of shares of Company Capital Stock that is not registered in the transfer records of the Company, the proper amount of cash may be paid in exchange therefor to a Person other than the Person in whose name the Certificate so surrendered is registered if such Certificate shall be properly endorsed or shall otherwise be in proper form for transfer and the Person requesting such payment shall pay any transfer and other Taxes required by reason of the payment to a Person other than the registered holder of such Certificate or establish to the reasonable satisfaction of the Surviving Corporation that such Tax either has been paid or is not applicable. Until surrendered as contemplated by this Section 2.3(b), each Certificate shall be deemed at any time after the Effective Time to represent only the right to receive upon such surrender the Per Share Amount with respect to each share of Company Common Stock


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evidenced by such Certificate. No interest will be paid or will accrue on the Merger Consideration payable upon surrender of any Certificate.

 

(c)  Transfer Books; No Further Ownership Rights in Company Stock .  At the Effective Time: (i) all shares of Company Capital Stock outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time shall automatically be canceled and retired and shall cease to exist, and all holders of Certificates representing shares of Company Capital Stock that were outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time shall cease to have any rights as stockholders of the Company, except the right to receive the Per Share Amount with respect to each share of Company Common Stock evidenced by such Certificate upon surrender thereof in accordance with Section 2.3(b); and (ii) the stock transfer books of the Company shall be closed and there shall be no further registration of transfers on the stock transfer books of the Surviving Corporation of the shares of Company Capital Stock that were outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time. All cash paid upon the surrender of Certificates in accordance with the terms of this Article 2 shall be deemed to have been paid in full satisfaction of all rights pertaining to the shares of Company Capital Stock previously represented by such Certificates. Subject to Section 2.3(e), if, at any time after the Effective Time, Certificates are presented to the Surviving Corporation or the Paying Agent for any reason, they shall be canceled and exchanged as provided in this Article 2.

 

(d)  Lost, Stolen or Destroyed Certificates .  If any Certificate shall have been lost, stolen or destroyed, upon the making of an affidavit of that fact by the Person claiming such Certificate to be lost, stolen or destroyed and, if required by Parent, the posting by such Person of a bond, in such reasonable amount as Parent may direct, as indemnity against any claim that may be made against it with respect to such Certificate, the Paying Agent will pay the Per Share Amount to such Person in exchange for each share of Company Common Stock evidenced by such lost, stolen or destroyed Certificate.

 

(e)  Termination of Fund .  Any portion of the Payment Fund (including the proceeds of any investments thereof) that remains undistributed to the former holders of the Certificates one year after the Effective Time shall be delivered by the Paying Agent to the Surviving Corporation upon demand. Any former holders of Certificates who have not theretofore complied with this Article 2 shall thereafter look only to the Surviving Corporation for payment of the Merger Consideration payable with respect thereto.

 

(f)  No Liability .  Notwithstanding any provision of this Agreement to the contrary, none of Parent, the Surviving Corporation or the Paying Agent shall be liable to any Person for any amount properly paid from the Payment Fund or delivered to a public official pursuant to any applicable abandoned property, escheat or similar Law.

 

(g)  Investment of Payment Fund .  Parent may cause the Paying Agent to invest the Payment Fund in a money market fund registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, the principal of which is invested solely in obligations issued or guaranteed by the United States Government and repurchase agreements in respect of such obligations. Any interest and other income resulting from any such investment shall be the property of, and shall be paid promptly to, Parent.

 

Section  2.4   Company Stock Options; ESPP .

 

(a) At the Effective Time, Parent shall not assume any option granted pursuant to a Company Stock Plan that is outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time (whether or not then vested or exercisable) and that represents the right to acquire shares of Company Common Stock (each, an “ Option ”) and shall not substitute any similar option or right for any such Option. All outstanding Options that have not been exercised by the holders thereof at or prior to the Effective Time shall become fully vested and shall terminate if not exercised prior to the Effective Time. Prior to the Effective Time, the Company shall take all actions necessary to terminate the Company Stock Plans, such termination to be effective at or before the Effective Time. At the Effective Time, Eligible Options (as hereinafter defined) shall be converted into the right to receive a cash amount equal to the Option Consideration (as hereinafter defined) for each share of Company Common Stock then subject to the Eligible Option (it being understood that (i) with respect to an Eligible Option held by a Person whose employment by the Company or its Subsidiaries was terminated prior to the Effective Time, Option Consideration shall only be paid with respect to the portion of such Eligible Option that was vested as of the time such Person’s employment relationship with the Company or its Subsidiaries terminated and the post-termination exercise period applicable to such Eligible


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Options has not expired as set forth in the documentation evidencing such Eligible Option and (ii) with respect to Eligible Options which by the terms of the grant documents relating thereto, specifically provide for less acceleration than is provided for under the terms of the Company Stock Plan pursuant to which such Eligible Option was granted, the Option Consideration shall be paid only with respect to the portion of such Eligible Option which vests pursuant to the terms of such grant documents). Prior to the Effective Time, the Company shall deposit in a bank account an amount of cash equal to the sum of the aggregate Option Consideration for each Eligible Option then outstanding (subject to any applicable withholding tax), together with instructions that such cash be promptly distributed following the Effective Time to the holders of such Eligible Options in accordance with this Section 2.4(a). For purposes of this Agreement, “ Option Consideration ” means, with respect to any share of Company Common Stock issuable under a particular Eligible Option, an amount equal to the excess, if any, of: (1) the Per Share Amount; over (2) the exercise price payable in respect of such share of Company Common Stock issuable under such Eligible Option. For purposes of this Agreement, “ Eligible Option ” means an Option with an exercise price per share of less than the Per Share Amount that has not been exercised prior to the Effective Time.

 

(b) The rights of participants in the ESPP with respect to any offering period underway immediately prior to the Effective Time under the ESPP shall be determined by treating the last business day prior to the Effective Time as the last day of such offering period and by making such other pro-rata adjustments as may be necessary to reflect the shortened offering period but otherwise treating such shortened offering period as a fully effective and completed offering period for all purposes under the ESPP. No offering period shall commence on or after the date of this Agreement. Prior to the Effective Time, the Company shall take all actions (including the termination of the ESPP effective as of the Effective Time and, if appropriate, amending the terms of the ESPP) that are necessary to give effect to the limitations and transactions contemplated by this Section 2.4(b).

 

(c) The Company and Parent shall take such steps as may be reasonably requested by any party hereto to cause dispositions of Company equity securities, Options, Rights and Stock Awards pursuant to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement by each individual who is a director or officer of the Company to be exempt under Rule 16b-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act in accordance with that certain No-Action Letter dated January 12, 1999 issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “ SEC ”) regarding such matters.

 

(d) At the Effective Time, as a result of the Merger, all shares of Company Common Stock outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time that are unvested or are subject to a repurchase option, risk of forfeiture or other condition under any Company Stock Plan, applicable restricted stock purchase agreement or other similar agreement with the Company (“ Restricted Shares ”) shall be cancelled and substituted with a right to receive future cash payments (“ Future Cash Payments ”) which shall be equal, on a per share basis, to the Per Share Amount. Future Cash Payments shall be payable pursuant to the same vesting schedule and terms as were applicable to such Restricted Shares immediately prior to the Effective Time and subject to any repurchase option, risk of forfeiture or other condition under any Company Stock Plan, applicable restricted stock purchase agreement or other similar agreement with the Company. The vesting of Restricted Shares shall not be accelerated pursuant to the Company’s 1999 Equity Incentive Plan solely as a result of the Merger, and such vesting shall only be subject to acceleration to the extent that such acceleration is expressly required by the applicable restricted stock purchase agreement or other similar agreement with the Company.

 

(e) Each of Parent, Merger Sub and the Company agree that for purposes of the Company Stock Plans, Parent, Merger Sub and the Surviving Corporation have refused to assume the rights outstanding under such plans or substitute similar rights therefore with respect to Options, and have substituted similar rights with respect to Restricted Shares.

 

Section  2.5   Withholding Taxes .   Parent, the Surviving Corporation and the Paying Agent shall be entitled to deduct and withhold from the Merger Consideration otherwise payable to a former holder of shares of Company Capital Stock or Options pursuant to this Agreement such amounts as may be required to be deducted or withheld with respect to the making of such payment under the Code, or under any applicable provision of state, local or foreign Law. To the extent that amounts are so deducted and withheld, such amounts shall be treated for all purposes under this Agreement as having been paid to the Person in respect of which such deduction and withholding was made.


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Section  2.6   Adjustments .   If during the period from the date of this Agreement through the Effective Time, any change in the outstanding shares of Company Capital Stock or securities convertible or exchangeable into or exercisable for shares of Company Capital Stock, shall occur by reason of any reclassification, recapitalization, stock split or combination, exchange or readjustment of shares of Company Capital Stock, or any similar transaction, or any stock dividend thereon with a record date during such period, the Per Share Amount shall be appropriately adjusted to reflect such change.

 

ARTICLE 3

 

Representations and Warranties of the Company

 

Except as set forth in the disclosure schedule (each section of which qualifies the correspondingly numbered section of this Agreement to the extent specified therein and such other representations and warranties to the extent the relevance of a matter in such section of the disclosure schedule to the information called for by such other representation and warranty is reasonably apparent) delivered by the Company to Parent simultaneously with the execution of this Agreement (the “ Company Disclosure Schedule ”), the Company represents and warrants to Parent and Merger Sub as follows:

 

Section  3.1   Organization, Standing and Corporate Power .   The Company and each of its Subsidiaries is a corporation duly organized, validly existing and, in the case of the Company and its U.S. Subsidiaries, in good standing under the Laws of the jurisdiction in which it is incorporated and has all requisite corporate power and authority necessary to own or lease all of its properties and assets and to carry on its business as it is now being conducted. The Company and each of its U.S. Subsidiaries is duly licensed or qualified to do business and is in good standing in each jurisdiction in which the nature of the business conducted by it or the character or location of the properties and assets owned or leased by it makes such licensing or qualification necessary, except where the failure to be so licensed, qualified or in good standing, individually or in the aggregate, has not had and would not reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse Effect. For purposes of this Agreement, the term “ Company Material Adverse Effect ” shall mean any change, event, occurrence or circumstance which has a material adverse effect on the business, results of operations or financial condition of the Company and its Subsidiaries taken as a whole; provided, however, that none of the following shall be deemed either alone or in combination to constitute, and none of the following shall be taken into account in determining whether there has been or will be, a Company Material Adverse Effect: (A) any effect, change, event, occurrence or circumstance relating to the U.S. or any foreign economy in general to the extent that such effect, change, event, occurrence or circumstance does not have a materially disproportionate effect on the Company and its Subsidiaries taken as a whole; (B) any effect, change, event, occurrence or circumstance relating to the industries in which the Company operates to the extent that such effect, change, event, occurrence or circumstance does not have a materially disproportionate effect on the Company and its Subsidiaries taken as a whole; (C) any effect, change, event, occurrence or circumstance relating to fluctuations in the value of currencies; (D) any effect, change, event, occurrence or circumstance relating to acts of terrorism, war, national or international calamity or any other similar event to the extent that such effect, change, event, occurrence or circumstance does not have a materially disproportionate effect on the Company and its Subsidiaries taken as a whole; (E) any effect, change, event, occurrence or circumstance that arises out of or results from the announcement of this Agreement, the existence of this Agreement or the fact that any of the Transactions may be consummated (including any effect, change, event, occurrence or circumstance resulting from or relating to any litigation, any loss of or delay in placing customer orders, any disruption in supplier, distributor, reseller or similar relationships or any departure or loss of employees, in each case that arises out of or results from the announcement of this Agreement, the existence of this Agreement or the fact that any of the Transactions may be consummated); (F) the failure of the Company to meet internal or analysts’ expectations or projections (it being understood, however, that the underlying circumstances giving rise to such failure may be taken into account unless otherwise excluded pursuant to this paragraph); (G) any effect, change, event, occurrence or circumstance that arises out of or results from any action taken by the Company or its Subsidiaries with Parent’s consent or from compliance by the Company with the terms of, or the taking of any action required or contemplated by this Agreement; (H) the Restructuring Plan (as hereinafter defined), in and of itself, and any effect, change, event, occurrence or circumstance that arises out of or results from the implementation of it; (I) any effect, change, event, occurrence or circumstance arising out of or resulting from the failure of the Company


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or its Subsidiaries to take any action referred to in Section 5.2 due to Parent’s unreasonable withholding of consent or delaying its consent; and (J) any effect, change, event, occurrence or circumstance that arises out of or results from any of the matters set forth in Section 3.1 of the Disclosure Schedule.

 

Section  3.2   Capitalization .

 

(a) The authorized capital stock of the Company consists of 150,000,000 shares of Company Common Stock and 5,000,000 shares of Company Preferred Stock. At the open of business on September 19, 2006: (i) 34,260,353 shares of Company Common Stock were issued and outstanding (123,900 of which were held by the Company in its treasury); (ii) 15,358,724 shares of Company Common Stock were reserved for issuance under the Vitria Technology, Inc. 1995 Equity Incentive Plan (which was amended and restated as the Vitria Technology, Inc. Amended and Restated 1999 Equity Incentive Plan), 1998 Executive Incentive Plan and the Amended and Restated 1999 Equity Incentive Plan (of which 4,984,147 shares of Company Common Stock were subject to outstanding options granted thereunder and 2,100,262 shares of Company Common Stock awarded thereunder that were unvested or subject to a repurchase option, risk of forfeiture or other similar condition in favor of the Company); (iii) 3,849,994 shares of Company Common Stock were reserved for issuance under the ESPP; and (iv) no shares of Company Preferred Stock were issued and outstanding. All outstanding shares of Company Capital Stock have been duly authorized and validly issued and are fully paid, nonassessable and free of preemptive rights. Section 3.2(a) of the Company Disclosure Schedule sets forth a list, as of the open of business on September 19, 2006, of all outstanding options to purchase shares of Company Common Stock, and all awards of Company Common Stock that are subject to a repurchase option, risk of forfeiture or other similar condition in favor of the Company, granted under the Vitria Technology, Inc. Amended and Restated 1999 Equity Incentive Plan and the Vitria Technology, Inc. 1998 Executive Incentive Plan, and, for each such option and stock award: (A) the number of shares of Company Common Stock subject thereto; (B) the date of grant; (C) the expiration date (if applicable); (D) the exercise or purchase price thereof; (E) the name of the holder thereof; (F) the number of options or shares that are vested; and (G) any provision for the acceleration of vesting. Except as set forth above in this Section 3.2(a), as of the date of this Agreement, there are not any shares of Company Capital Stock issued and outstanding or any subscriptions, options, warrants, calls, convertible or exchangeable securities, rights, commitments or agreements of any character providing for the issuance of any shares of Company Capital Stock.

 

Section  3.3   Authority; Noncontravention; Voting Requirements .

 

(a) The Company has all necessary corporate power and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement and, subject to obtaining the Company Stockholder Approval, to perform its obligations hereunder and to consummate the Transactions. The execution, delivery and performance by the Company of this Agreement, and the consummation by it of the Transactions, have been duly authorized and approved by the Board of Directors (as hereinafter defined), and except for obtaining the Company Stockholder Approval for the adoption of this Agreement, no other corporate action on the part of the Company is necessary to authorize the execution, delivery and performance by the Company of this Agreement and the consummation by it of the Transactions. This Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by the Company and, assuming due authorization, execution and delivery hereof by the other parties hereto, constitutes a legal, valid and binding obligation of the Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance with its terms, except that such enforceability: (i) may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, fraudulent transfer, reorganization, moratorium and other similar laws of general application affecting or relating to the enforcement of creditors’ rights generally; and (ii) is subject to general principles of equity, whether considered in a proceeding at law or in equity (collectively, the “ Bankruptcy and Equity Exception ”).

 

(b) The Board of Directors, at a meeting duly called and held, acting on the recommendation of the Strategic Committee (as hereinafter defined), duly adopted resolutions (i) approving, adopting and declaring advisable this Agreement, the Merger and the transactions contemplated hereby, (ii) determining that the terms of this Agreement and the Merger are fair to and in the best interests of the Company and the Public Stockholders (as hereinafter defined) and (iii) recommending that the Company’s stockholders adopt this Agreement (such recommendation being referred as the “ Company Board Recommendation ”).

 

(c) Neither the execution and delivery of this Agreement by the Company nor the consummation by the Company of the Transactions, nor compliance by the Company with any of the terms or provisions hereof, will in any material respect: (i) conflict with or violate any provision of the Company’s certificate of incorporation and


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bylaws (the “ Company Charter Documents ”) or any of the certificates of incorporation and bylaws (or comparable organizational documents) of each of the Company’s Subsidiaries (the “ Subsidiary Documents ”); or (ii) assuming that the authorizations, consents and approvals referred to in Section 3.4 and the Company Stockholder Approval are obtained and the filings referred to in Section 3.4 are made: (A) violate any Law, judgment, writ or injunction of any Governmental Authority applicable to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any of their respective properties or assets; or (B) violate or constitute a material default (or an event which, with notice or lapse of time, or both, would constitute a material default) under, result in the termination of or a right of termination or cancellation under, accelerate the performance required by, or result in the creation of any liens, pledges, charges, mortgages, encumbrances, adverse claims or security interests (except for such transfer restrictions of general applicability as may be provided under the Securities Act, and the “blue sky” laws of the various States of the United States) (collectively, “ Liens ”) (other than Permitted Liens) upon any of the respective properties, Intellectual Property or other assets of, the Company or any of its Subsidiaries under, any of the terms, conditions or provisions of any Material Contract.

 

(d) Assuming the accuracy of the representations made in Section 4.8, the affirmative vote (in person or by proxy) of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Company Common Stock at the Company Stockholders Meeting or any adjournment or postponement thereof in favor of the adoption of this Agreement (the “ Company Stockholder Approval ”) is the only vote or approval of the holders of any class or series of capital stock of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries which is necessary to adopt this Agreement and approve the Transactions.

 

Section  3.4   Governmental Approvals .   Except for: (a) the filing with the SEC of a proxy statement relating to the Company Stockholders Meeting (as amended or supplemented from time to time, the “ Proxy Statement ”) and the related transaction statement on Schedule 13E-3 (the “ Schedule 13E-3 ”) and other filings required under, and compliance with other applicable requirements of, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder (the “ Exchange Act ”), and the rules of The Nasdaq Stock Market; (b) the filing of the Certificate of Merger with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware pursuant to the DGCL; (c) filings required under, and compliance with other applicable requirements of, the HSR Act; and (d) filings required under, and compliance with other applicable requirements of, non-U.S. Laws intended to prohibit, restrict or regulate actions or transactions having the purpose or effect of monopolization, restraint of trade, harm to competition or effectuating foreign investment (collectively, “ Foreign Antitrust Laws ”), no consents or approvals of, or filings, declarations or registrations with, any Governmental Authority are necessary for the execution and delivery of this Agreement by the Company and the consummation by the Company of the Transactions, other than such other consents, approvals, filings, declarations or registrations that, if not obtained, made or given, would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse Effect or to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s ability to consummate the Transactions.

 

Section  3.5   Company SEC Documents; Undisclosed Liabilities .

 

(a) Since January 1, 2003, the Company has filed and furnished all required reports, schedules, forms, prospectuses and registration, proxy and other statements required to be filed or furnished by it with or to the SEC (collectively, and in each case including all exhibits and schedules thereto and documents incorporated by reference therein, the “ Company SEC Documents ”). None of the Company’s Subsidiaries is required to file periodic reports with the SEC pursuant to the Exchange Act. As of their respective effective dates (in the case of Company SEC Documents that are registration statements filed pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder (the “ Securities Act ”)) and as of the respective dates of the last amendment filed with the SEC (in the case of all other Company SEC Documents), the Company SEC Documents complied in all material respects with the requirements of the Exchange Act and the Securities Act, as the case may be, and the rules and regulations of the SEC promulgated thereunder, each as in effect on the applicable date referred to above, applicable to such Company SEC Documents, and none of the Company SEC Documents as of such respective dates contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. As of the date of this Agreement, there are no material unresolved comments issued by the staff of the SEC with respect to any of the Company SEC Documents.


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(b) Each of the consolidated financial statements of the Company included in the Company SEC Documents complied in all material respects with applicable accounting requirements and the published rules and regulations of the SEC with respect thereto, was prepared in accordance with GAAP (except, in the case of unaudited quarterly statements, as indicated in the notes thereto) applied on a consistent basis during the periods involved (except as may be indicated in the notes thereto) and fairly presented in all material respects the consolidated financial position of the Company and its consolidated Subsidiaries as of the dates thereof and the consolidated results of their operations and cash flows for the periods then ended (subject, in the case of unaudited quarterly statements, to normal year-end audit adjustments, none of which has been or will be, individually or in the aggregate, material to the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole).

 

(c) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries nor, to the Knowledge of the Company, any director, officer, agent, employee or other Person acting on behalf of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, has: (i) used any corporate or other funds for unlawful contributions, payments or gifts, or made any unlawful expenditures relating to political activity to government officials or others or established or maintained any unlawful or unrecorded funds, in any case in violation of Section 30A of the Exchange Act; or (ii) accepted or received any unlawful contributions, payments, gifts or expenditures.

 

(d) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has any liabilities or obligations of any nature (whether accrued, absolute, contingent or otherwise), except liabilities or obligations: (i) as and to the extent set forth on the unaudited consolidated balance sheet of the Company and its Subsidiaries as of June 30, 2006 (the “ Balance Sheet Date ”) (including the notes thereto) included in the Company SEC Documents filed by the Company and publicly available prior to the date of this Agreement (“ Filed Company SEC Documents ”); (ii) incurred after the Balance Sheet Date in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice that, individually or in the aggregate, have not had and would not reasonably be expected to have a Company Material Adverse Effect; (iii) for performance under each loan or credit agreement, debenture, note, bond, mortgage, indenture, deed of trust, license, lease, contract or other agreement, instrument or obligation, whether written or oral, that is enforceable against the Company or its Subsidiaries (each, a “ Contract ”) in accordance with their respective terms and conditions; and (iv) under this Agreement.

 

Section  3.6   Absence of Certain Changes or Events .   Except as disclosed in the Filed Company SEC Documents, between the Balance Sheet Date and the date of this Agreement, the Company and its Subsidiaries carried on and operated their respective businesses in all material respects in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice, and there has not been any incurrence, assumption or guarantee by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries of any indebtedness for borrowed money.

 

Section  3.7   Legal Proceedings .   Other than any legal, administrative, arbitral or other proceedings related to patent prosecutions and trademark applications by the Company and its Subsidiaries in the ordinary course of business or as disclosed in the Filed Company SEC Documents, there is no pending or, to the Knowledge of the Company, threatened in writing, legal, administrative, arbitral or other proceeding against, or, to the Knowledge of the Company, governmental or regulatory investigation of, the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, nor is there any injunction, order, judgment, ruling or decree imposed (or, to the Knowledge of the Company, threatened in writing to be imposed) upon the Company, any of its Subsidiaries or the assets of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (including their respective rights in any Intellectual Property) by or before any Governmental Authority, which would reasonably be expected to result in damages to the Company or its Subsidiaries in excess of $200,000 in any individual case or $800,000 in the aggregate.

 

Section  3.8   Compliance With Laws .   The Company and its Subsidiaries are and have been in compliance in all material respects with all laws (including common law), statutes, ordinances, codes, rules, regulations, decrees and orders of Governmental Authorities (collectively, “ Laws ”) applicable to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, any of their properties or other assets or any of their businesses or operations.

 

Section  3.9   Information in Proxy Statement .   The Proxy Statement and any other document filed with the SEC by the Company in connection with the Merger (including the Schedule 13E-3) taking into account any amendment thereof or supplement thereto), at the date first mailed to the stockholders of the Company, at the time of the Company Stockholders Meeting and at the time filed with the SEC, as the case may be, will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in


9


 

order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they are made, not misleading, and the Proxy Statement and such other documents filed with the SEC by the Company (including the Schedule 13E-3) will comply in all material respects with the provisions of the Exchange Act; provided, however, that no representation is made by the Company with respect to statements made therein based on information supplied by Parent or Merger Sub for inclusion in such documents.

 

Section  3.10   Tax Matters .

 

(a) The Company and each of its Subsidiaries has timely filed, or has caused to be timely filed on its behalf (taking into account any extension of time within which to file), all Tax Returns required to be filed by it for which the last day for timely filing has past, and all such Tax Returns and elections are accurate and complete in all material respects. All Taxes required to be paid by the Company and each of its Subsidiaries have been timely paid. The Company has never received a written claim from any Governmental Authority in a jurisdiction where the Company or any of its Subsidiaries does not file Tax Returns that the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is or may be subject to taxation by that jurisdiction that has not been resolved. There are no Liens for Taxes (other than Taxes not yet due and payable) upon any of the assets of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries.

 

(b) The Company and each of its Subsidiaries have withheld and paid all Taxes required to have been withheld and paid in connection with any amounts paid to any employee, independent contractor, creditor, stockholder, or other third party.

 

(c) The most recent financial statements contained in the Filed Company SEC Documents reflect an adequate reserve for all Taxes payable by the Company and its Subsidiaries for all taxable periods and portion thereof through the date of such financial statements. No deficiency with respect to Taxes has been asserted or assessed against the Company or any of its Subsidiaries.

 

(d) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has constituted, or has intended or purported to constitute, either a “distributing corporation” or a “controlled corporation” (within the meaning of Section 355(a)(1)(A) of the Code) in a distribution of stock qualifying, or intended or purported to qualify, for tax-free treatment under Section 355 of the Code since January 1, 2004.

 

(e) To the Knowledge of the Company, no audit or other administrative or court proceedings is pending with or is being conducted by any Governmental Authority with respect to Taxes of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries and no written notice thereof has been received and is outstanding.

 

(f) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is a party to any contract, agreement, plan or other arrangement that, individually or collectively, would give rise to the payment of any amount which would not be deductible by reason of Section 280G of the Code or would give rise to an excise Tax pursuant to Section 4999 of the Code.

 

(g) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is a party to or is bound by any Tax allocation or sharing agreement. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries (A) has been a member of an Affiliated Group filing a consolidated federal income Tax Return (other than a group the common parent of which is the Company) or (B) has an liability for the Taxes of any other Person (other than the Company or any of its Subsidiaries) under Treasury Regulation § 1.1502-6 (or any similar provision of state, local or foreign law), as a transferee or successor, by contract, or otherwise.

 

(h) Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary will be required to include any item of income in, or exclude any item of deduction from, taxable income for any taxable period (or portion thereof) ending after the Closing Date as a result of (A) a change in method of accounting for a taxable period ending on or prior to the Closing Date, (B) any “closing agreement,” as described in Section 7121 of the Code (or any corresponding provision of state, local or foreign income Tax law), (C) any installment sale or open transaction disposition made on or prior to the Closing Date, or (D) any prepaid amount received on or prior to the Closing Date.

 

(i) The Company is not and has not been at any time during the 5-year period ending on the Closing Date a “United States real property holding corporation” within the meaning of Section 897 of the Code.


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(j) For purposes of this Agreement: (i) “Affiliated Group” shall mean an affiliated group as defined in Code § 1504 (or any similar combined, consolidated or unitary group defined under state, local or foreign Income Tax law), (ii) “Taxes” shall mean: (A) all federal, state, local or foreign taxes, charges, fees, imposts, levies or other tax of any kind whatsoever; and (B) all interest, penalties, fines, additions to tax or additional amounts, whether or not disputed, imposed by any Taxing Authority in connection with any item described in clause “(A)” of this sentence; and (iii) “Tax Returns” shall mean any return, report, claim for refund, estimate, information return or statement, tax election or other similar document relating to, filed, or required to be filed with any Governmental Authority with respect to Taxes, including any schedule or attachment thereto, and including any amendment thereof.

 

Section  3.11   Employee Benefits and Labor Matters .

 

(a) Section 3.11(a) of the Company Disclosure Schedule sets forth a list, separately with respect to each country in which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries has employees, of all Company Plans (as defined below). “ Company Plans ” shall mean the following as of the date of this Agreement: (i) all “employee benefit plans” (as defined in Section 3(3) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ ERISA ”)); and (ii) all other written employee benefit plans, programs, policies, agreements or arrangements, that in the case of either clause “(i)” or clause “(ii)” of this sentence: (A) providing for bonus or other incentive compensation, equity or equity-based compensation, retirement benefit, deferred compensation, change in control rights or benefits, termination or severance benefits, stock purchase, sick leave, vacation pay, salary continuation, hospitalization, medical insurance, life insurance, fringe benefits or other compensation; and (B) to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any of its ERISA Affiliates maintains, contributes to or has any obligation or liability (contingent or otherwise) thereunder for current or former directors, officers or employees of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (the “ Employees ”) or to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries has any obligation or liability (contingent or otherwise); provided, however, that neither a Governmental Program nor any plan, agreement or arrangement providing for “at will” employment which can be terminated without liability in excess of $50,000 shall constitute a Company Plan. “ Governmental Program ” shall mean a plan, program or other arrangement to which the Company or its Subsidiaries is required to contribute by applicable Law; for clarity and not by way of limitation, payments by the Company pursuant to The Federal Insurance Contributions Act are payments to a Governmental Program. As of the date of this Agreement no Company Plan which is subject to ERISA is a “multiemployer plan,” as defined in Section 3(37) or 4001(a)(3) of ERISA (a “ Multiemployer Plan ”), or is or has been subject to Sections 4063 or 4064 of ERISA.

 

(b) The Company Plans are being and have been maintained, funded and administered in all material respects, in accordance with their terms and with all applicable provisions of ERISA, the Code and other applicable Laws.

 

(c) Each Company Plan that is intended to meet the requirements for country specific tax-favored treatment under Subchapter B of Chapter 1 of Subtitle A of the Code (in the case of tax-favored treatment for US federal income tax purposes) or other applicable Laws (other than the Laws of the United States or jurisdictions located within the United States and its territories) meets such requirements, including: (i) any Company Plans intended to qualify under Section 401 of the Code are so qualified; and (ii) any trusts intended to be exempt from federal income taxation under Section 501 of the Code are so exempt. Nothing has occurred or is reasonably expected to occur with respect to the operation of the Company Plans that, notwithstanding the taking of corrective action by the Company, would reasonably be expected to cause the loss of such tax favored treatment, qualification or exemption, or the imposition of any liability, penalty or tax under ERISA, the Code or other applicable Law.

 

(d) Neither the Company, nor any of its Subsidiaries nor any other Person who is treated as a single employer together with the Company or any of its Subsidiaries pursuant to Section 414(b), (c), (m) (o) of ERISA (all of the foregoing, “ ERISA Affiliates ”) maintains, sponsors, contributes to, has any obligation to contribute to, or has any liability or potential liability under or with respect to (i) any “defined benefit plan” as defined in Section 3(35) of ERISA or any other plan subject to the funding requirements of Section 412 of the Code or Section 302 of Title IV of ERISA, or (ii) any Multiemployer Plan. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiaries nor any of their ERISA Affiliates have any liability or potential liability to the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation or otherwise under Title IV of ERISA.


11


 

(e) With respect to each Company Plan, all contributions (including all employer contributions and employee salary reduction contributions) that are due have been made within the time periods prescribed by ERISA and the Code, and all contributions for any period ending on or before the Closing Date that are not yet due have been made or properly accrued. All premiums or other payments for all periods ending on or prior to the Closing Date have been paid or properly accrued with respect to each Company Plan that is an employee welfare benefit plan (as defined in Section 3(1) of ERISA). As of the date of this Agreement, none of the Company Plans has any material unfunded liabilities that are not accurately reflected on the latest balance sheet included in the Filed Company SEC Documents.

 

(f) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries or ERISA Affiliates, or any organization to which the Company is a successor or parent corporation within the meaning of Section 4069(b) of ERISA, has engaged in any transaction within the meaning of Section 4069 or 4212(c) of ERISA as to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries has any obligation or liability, contingent or otherwise.

 

(g) None of the Company Plans provide for post-employment life or health insurance, or other welfare benefits coverage for any participant or any beneficiary of a participant, except as may be required under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, as amended (“ COBRA ”) or other applicable Laws. Each of the Company and any ERISA Affiliate which maintains a “group health plan” within the meaning Section 5000(b)(1) of the Code has complied with the requirements of Section 4980B of the Code, COBRA, Part 6 of Subtitle B of Title I of ERISA and any similar statute.

 

(h) Except as provided in any Company Stock Plan or in any employment agreement disclosed in the Company Disclosure Schedule, neither the execution and delivery of this Agreement nor the consummation of the Transactions will: (i) result in any payment becoming due to any Employee; (ii) increase any benefits otherwise payable under any Company Plan; or (iii) result in the acceleration of the time of payment or vesting of any such benefits under any such plan.

 

(i) No stock or other security issued by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries forms a material part of the assets of any Company Plan. For purposes of this Section 3.11(i), a Company Stock Plan shall not be deemed to be a Company Plan.

 

(j) None of the current Employees is represented in his or her capacity as an employee of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries by any labor organization or works council or similar representative. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has recognized any labor organization, nor has any labor organization been elected as the collective bargaining agent of any Employees, nor is the Company or any of its Subsidiaries a party to any collective bargaining agreement or union contract recognizing any labor organization as the bargaining agent of any Employees. There is no union organization activity involving any of the Employees, pending or, to the Knowledge of the Company, threatened in writing. There is no picketing, pending or, to the Knowledge of the Company, threatened in writing, and there are no strikes, slowdowns, work stoppages, lockouts, arbitrations or other similar labor disputes involving any of the Employees pending or, to the Knowledge of the Company, threatened in writing. There has been no “mass layoff” or “plant closing” (as defined by the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act and any similar state or local “mass layoff” or “plant closing” law) with respect to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries since January 1, 2004.

 

Section  3.12   Environmental Matters .

 

(a) The Company and each of its Subsidiaries is in compliance in all material respects with all applicable Environmental Laws. To the Knowledge of the Company, no facts, circumstances or conditions exist with respect to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries that would, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to give rise to Environmental Liabilities to the Company or its Subsidiaries in excess of $500,000.

 

(b) Except to the extent the following would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to give rise to Environmental Liabilities in excess of $500,000, to the Knowledge of the Company, there is not now, nor has there been in the past, on, in or under any real property currently or previously owned, leased or operated by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or its or their predecessors: (i) any underground storage tanks, above-ground storage tanks, dikes or impoundments; (ii) any asbestos-containing materials; (iii) any polychlorinated biphenyls;


12


 

(iv) any radioactive substances; or (v) any other substance that would give rise to any liabilities or investigative, corrective or remedial obligations pursuant to any Environmental Laws.

 

(c) For purposes of this Agreement:

 

(i) “ Environmental Laws ” means all Laws relating in any way to the environment, preservation or reclamation of natural resources, the presence, management or Release of, or exposure to, Hazardous Materials, or to human health and safety, including the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (42 U.S.C. § 9601 et seq.), the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. App. § 1801 et seq.), the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (42 U.S.C. § 6901 et seq.), the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq.), the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. § 7401 et seq.), the Toxic Substances Control Act (15 U.S.C. § 2601 et seq.), the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (7 U.S.C. § 136 et seq.), and the Occupational Safety and Health Act (29 U.S.C. § 651 et seq.), as each has been amended and the regulations promulgated pursuant thereto and all analogous state, local or foreign laws and regulations.

 

(ii) “ Environmental Liabilities ” means, with respect to any Person, all liabilities, obligations, responsibilities, remedial actions, losses, damages, costs and expenses (including all reasonable fees, disbursements and expenses of counsel, experts and consultants and costs of investigation and feasibility studies), fines, penalties, sanctions and interest incurred as a result of any claim or demand by any other Person or arising under any Environmental Law, in any case to the extent based upon or arising under any Environmental Law, environmental Permit or order or agreement with any Governmental Authority or other Person under Environmental Laws.

 

(iii) “ Hazardous Materials ” means any material, substance of waste that is regulated, classified, or otherwise characterized under or pursuant to any Environmental Law as “hazardous,” “toxic,” “pollutant,” “contaminant,” “radioactive” or words of similar meaning or effect, including petroleum and its by-products, asbestos, polychlorinated biphenyls, radon, urea formaldehyde insulation, chlorofluorocarbons and all other ozone-depleting substances.

 

(iv) “ Release ” means any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, disposing or migrating into or through the environment or any natural or man-made structure.

 

Section  3.13   Intellectual Property .

 

(a) The Company and its Subsidiaries are the sole and exclusive owners of or have a valid right to use, sell or license, as the case may be, all Intellectual Property necessary to enable the Company and its Subsidiaries to conduct their business in the manner in which such businesses are currently being conducted (collectively, the “ Company Intellectual Property ”). The Company Intellectual Property owned by the Company and its Subsidiaries is not subject to any Lien (other than Permitted Liens).

 

(b) To the Knowledge of the Company, the products and operation of the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries and the use of the Company Intellectual Property in connection therewith do not infringe, misappropriate, constitute an unauthorized use of or otherwise violate any Intellectual Property right of any third party. Since January 1, 2004, the Company and its Subsid


 
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